Audio processor and method for processing an audio signal using vertical phase correction

ABSTRACT

An audio processor for processing an audio signal includes a target phase measure determiner for determining a target phase measure for the audio signal in a time frame, a phase error calculator for calculating a phase error using a phase of the audio signal in the time frame and the target phase measure, and a phase corrector configured for correcting the phase of the audio signal in the time frame using the phase error.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of copending InternationalApplication No. PCT/EP2015/064439, filed Jun. 25, 2015, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and additionallyclaims priority from European Applications Nos. EP 14 175 202.2, filedJul. 1, 2014, and 15 151 476.7, filed Jan. 16, 2015, both of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Perceptual Audio Coding

The perceptual audio coding seen to date follows several common themes,including the use of time/frequency-domain processing, redundancyreduction (entropy coding), and irrelevancy removal through thepronounced exploitation of perceptual effects [1]. Typically, the inputsignal is analyzed by an analysis filter bank that converts the timedomain signal into a spectral (time/frequency) representation. Theconversion into spectral coefficients allows for selectively processingsignal components depending on their frequency content (e.g. differentinstruments with their individual overtone structures).

In parallel, the input signal is analyzed with respect to its perceptualproperties, i.e. specifically the time- and frequency-dependent maskingthreshold is computed. The time/frequency dependent masking threshold isdelivered to the quantization unit through a target coding threshold inthe form of an absolute energy value or a Mask-to-Signal-Ratio (MSR) foreach frequency band and coding time frame.

The spectral coefficients delivered by the analysis filter bank arequantized to reduce the data rate needed for representing the signal.This step implies a loss of information and introduces a codingdistortion (error, noise) into the signal. In order to minimize theaudible impact of this coding noise, the quantizer step sizes arecontrolled according to the target coding thresholds for each frequencyband and frame. Ideally, the coding noise injected into each frequencyband is lower than the coding (masking) threshold and thus nodegradation in subjective audio is perceptible (removal of irrelevancy).This control of the quantization noise over frequency and time accordingto psychoacoustic requirements leads to a sophisticated noise shapingeffect and is what makes a the coder a perceptual audio coder.

Subsequently, modern audio coders perform entropy coding (e.g. Huffmancoding, arithmetic coding) on the quantized spectral data. Entropycoding is a lossless coding step, which further saves on bit rate.

Finally, all coded spectral data and relevant additional parameters(side information, like e.g. the quantizer settings for each frequencyband) are packed together into a bitstream, which is the final codedrepresentation intended for file storage or transmission.

Bandwidth Extension

In perceptual audio coding based on filter banks, the main part of theconsumed bit rate is usually spent on the quantized spectralcoefficients. Thus, at very low bit rates, not enough bits may beavailable to represent all coefficients in the precision that may beused for achieving perceptually unimpaired reproduction. Thereby, lowbit rate requirements effectively set a limit to the audio bandwidththat can be obtained by perceptual audio coding. Bandwidth extension [2]removes this longstanding fundamental limitation. The central idea ofbandwidth extension is to complement a band-limited perceptual codec byan additional high-frequency processor that transmits and restores themissing high-frequency content in a compact parametric form. The highfrequency content can be generated based on single sideband modulationof the baseband signal, on copy-up techniques like used in Spectral BandReplication (SBR) [3] or on the application of pitch shifting techniqueslike e.g. the vocoder [4].

Digital Audio Effects

Time-stretching or pitch shifting effects are usually obtained byapplying time domain techniques like synchronized overlap-add (SOLA) orfrequency domain techniques (vocoder). Also, hybrid systems have beenproposed which apply a SOLA processing in subbands. Vocoders and hybridsystems usually suffer from an artifact called phasiness [8] which canbe attributed to the loss of vertical phase coherence. Some publicationsrelate improvements on the sound quality of time stretching algorithmsby preserving vertical phase coherence where it is important [6][7].

State-of-the-art audio coders [1] usually compromise the perceptualquality of audio signals by neglecting important phase properties of thesignal to be coded. A general proposal of correcting phase coherence inperceptual audio coders is addressed in [9].

However, not all kinds of phase coherence errors can be corrected at thesame time and not all phase coherence errors are perceptually important.For example, in audio bandwidth extension it is not clear from thestate-of-the-art, which phase coherence related errors should becorrected with highest priority and which errors can remain only partlycorrected or, with respect to their insignificant perceptual impact, betotally neglected.

Especially due to the application of audio bandwidth extension[2][3][4], the phase coherence over frequency and over time is oftenimpaired. The result is a dull sound that exhibits auditory roughnessand may contain additionally perceived tones that disintegrate fromauditory objects in the original signal and hence being perceived as anauditory object on its own additionally to the original signal.Moreover, the sound may also appear to come from a far distance, beingless “buzzy”, and thus evoking little listener engagement [5]

Therefore, there is a need for an improved approach.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, an audio processor for processing an audiosignal may have: a target phase measure determiner for determining atarget phase measure for the audio signal in a time frame; a phase errorcalculator for calculating a phase error using a phase of the audiosignal in the time frame and the target phase measure; and a phasecorrector configured for correcting the phase of the audio signal in thetime frame using the phase error.

According to another embodiment, a decoder for decoding an audio signalmay have: a core decoder configured for decoding an audio signal in atime frame of the baseband; a patcher configured for patching a set ofsubbands of the decoded baseband, wherein the set of subbands forms apatch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacent to the baseband,to achieve an audio signal having frequencies higher than thefrequencies in the baseband; an audio processor according to claim 1,wherein the audio processor is configured for correcting phases of thesubbands of the patch according to a target phase measure.

According to another embodiment, an encoder for encoding an audio signalmay have: a core encoder configured for core encoding the audio signalto achieve a core encoded audio signal having a reduced number ofsubbands with respect to the audio signal; a fundamental frequencyanalyzer for analyzing peak positions in the audio signal or a low-passfiltered version of the audio signal for achieving a fundamentalfrequency estimate of peak positions in the audio signal; a parameterextractor configured for extracting parameters of subbands of the audiosignal not included in the core encoded audio signal; an output signalformer configured for forming an output signal having the core encodedaudio signal, the parameters, the fundamental frequency of peakpositions, and one of the peak positions.

According to another embodiment, a method for processing an audio signalwith an audio processor may have the steps of: determining a targetphase measure for the audio signal in a time frame with a target phasemeasure determiner; calculating a phase error with a phase errorcalculator using the phase of the audio signal in the time frame and thetarget phase measure; and correcting the phase of the audio signal inthe time frame with a phase corrector using the phase error.

According to another embodiment, a method for decoding an audio signalwith a decoder may have the steps of: decoding an audio signal in a timeframe of the baseband with a core decoder; patching a set of subbands ofthe decoded baseband with a patcher, wherein the set of subbands forms apatch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacent to the baseband,to achieve an audio signal having frequencies higher than thefrequencies in the baseband; correcting phases within the subbands ofthe first patch with an audio processor according to a target phasemeasure.

According to another embodiment, a method for encoding an audio signalwith an encoder may have the steps of: core encoding the audio signalwith a core encoder to achieve a core encoded audio signal having areduced number of subbands with respect to the audio signal; analyzingthe audio signal or a low-pass filtered version of the audio signal witha fundamental frequency analyzer for achieving a fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions in the audio signal; extracting parameters ofsubbands of the audio signal not included in the core encoded audiosignal with a parameter extractor; forming an output signal with anoutput signal former including the core encoded audio signal, theparameters, the fundamental frequency of peak positions, and one of thepeak positions.

According to another embodiment, a non-transitory digital storage mediummay have a computer program stored thereon to perform any of theinventive methods.

According to another embodiment, an audio signal may have: a coreencoded audio signal having a reduced number of subbands with respect toan audio signal; a parameter representing subbands of the audio signalnot included in the core encoded audio signal; a fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions, and a peak position estimate of the audiosignal.

The present invention is based on the finding that the phase of an audiosignal can be corrected according to a target phase calculated by anaudio processor or a decoder. The target phase can be seen as arepresentation of a phase of an unprocessed audio signal. Therefore, thephase of the processed audio signal is adjusted to better fit the phaseof the unprocessed audio signal. Having a, e.g. time frequencyrepresentation of the audio signal, the phase of the audio signal may beadjusted for subsequent time frames in a subband, or the phase can beadjusted in a time frame for subsequent frequency subbands. Therefore, acalculator was found to automatically detect and choose the mostsuitable correction method. The described findings may be implemented indifferent embodiments or jointly implemented in a decoder and/orencoder.

Embodiments show an audio processor for processing an audio signalcomprising an audio signal phase measure calculator configured forcalculating a phase measure of an audio signal for a time frame.Furthermore, the audio signal comprises a target phase measuredeterminer for determining a target phase measure for said time frameand a phase corrector configured for correcting phases of the audiosignal for the time frame using the calculated phase measure and thetarget phase measure to obtain a processed audio signal.

According to further embodiments, the audio signal may comprise aplurality of subband signals for the time frame. The target phasemeasure determiner is configured for determining a first target phasemeasure for a first subband signal and a second target phase measure fora second subband signal. Furthermore, the audio signal phase measurecalculator determines a first phase measure for the first subband signaland a second phase measure for the second subband signal. The phasecorrector is configured for correcting the first phase of the firstsubband signal using the first phase measure of the audio signal and thefirst target phase measure and for correcting a second phase of thesecond subband signal using the second phase measure of the audio signaland the second target phase measure. Therefore, the audio processor maycomprise an audio signal synthesizer for synthesizing a corrected audiosignal using the corrected first subband signal and the corrected secondsubband signal.

In accordance with the present invention, the audio processor isconfigured for correcting the phase of the audio signal in horizontaldirection, i.e. a correction over time. Therefore, the audio signal maybe subdivided into a set of time frames, wherein the phase of each timeframe can be adjusted according to the target phase. The target phasemay be a representation of an original audio signal, wherein the audioprocessor may be part of a decoder for decoding the audio signal whichis an encoded representation of the original audio signal. Optionally,the horizontal phase correction can be applied separately for a numberof subbands of the audio signal, if the audio signal is available in atime-frequency representation. The correction of the phase of the audiosignal may be performed by subtracting a deviation of a phase derivativeover time of the target phase and the phase of the audio signal from thephase of the audio signal.

Therefore, since the phase derivative over time is a frequency (

${\frac{\phi}{t} = f},$

with φ pang a phase), the described phase correction performs afrequency adjustment for each subband of the audio signal. In otherwords, the difference of each subband of the audio signal to a targetfrequency can be reduced to obtain a better quality for the audiosignal.

To determine the target phase, the target phase determiner is configuredfor obtaining a fundamental frequency estimate for a current time frameand for calculating a frequency estimate for each subband of theplurality of subbands of the time frame using the fundamental frequencyestimate for the time frame. The frequency estimate can be convertedinto a phase derivative over time using a total number of subbands and asampling frequency of the audio signal. In a further embodiment, theaudio processor comprises a target phase measure determiner fordetermining a target phase measure for the audio signal in a time frame,a phase error calculator for calculating a phase error using a phase ofthe audio signal and the time frame of the target phase measure, and aphase corrector configured for correcting the phase of the audio signaland the time frame using the phase error.

According to further embodiments, the audio signal is available in atime frequency representation, wherein the audio signal comprises aplurality of subbands for the time frame. The target phase measuredeterminer determines a first target phase measure for a first subbandsignal and a second target phase measure for a second subband signal.Furthermore, the phase error calculator forms a vector of phase errors,wherein a first element of the vector refers to a first deviation of thephase of the first subband signal and the first target phase measure andwherein a second element of the vector refers to a second deviation ofthe phase of the second subband signal and the second target phasemeasure. Additionally, the audio processor of this embodiment comprisesan audio signal synthesizer for synthesizing a corrected audio signalusing the corrected first subband signal and the corrected secondsubband signal. This phase correction produces corrected phase values onaverage.

Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of subbands is grouped intoa baseband and a set of frequency patches, wherein the basebandcomprises one subband of the audio signal and the set of frequencypatches comprises the at least one subband of the baseband at afrequency higher than the frequency of the at least one subband in thebaseband.

Further embodiments show the phase error calculator configured forcalculating a mean of elements of a vector of phase errors referring toa first patch of the second number of frequency patches to obtain anaverage phase error. The phase corrector is configured for correcting aphase of the subband signal in the first and subsequent frequencypatches of the set of frequency patches of the patch signal using aweighted average phase error, wherein the average phase error is dividedaccording to an index of the frequency patch to obtain a modified patchsignal. This phase correction provides good quality at the crossoverfrequencies, which are the border frequencies between two subsequentfrequency patches.

According to a further embodiment, the two previously describedembodiments may be combined to obtain a corrected audio signalcomprising phase corrected values which are good on average and at thecrossover frequencies. Therefore, the audio signal phase derivativecalculator is configured for calculating a mean of phase derivativesover frequency for a baseband. The phase corrector calculates a furthermodified patch signal with an optimized first frequency patch by addingthe mean of the phase derivatives over frequency weighted by a currentsubband index to the phase of the subband signal with the highestsubband index in a baseband of the audio signal. Furthermore, the phasecorrector may be configured for calculating a weighted mean of themodified patch signal and the further modified patch signal to obtain acombined modified patch signal and for recursively updating, based onthe frequency patches, the combined modified patch signal by adding themean of the phase derivatives over frequency, weighted by the subbandindex of the current subband, to the phase of the subband signal withthe highest subband index in the previous frequency patch of thecombined modified patch signal.

To determine the target phase, the target phase measure determiner maycomprise a data stream extractor configured for extracting a peakposition and a fundamental frequency of peak positions in a current timeframe of the audio signal from a data stream. Alternatively, the targetphase measure determiner may comprise an audio signal analyzerconfigured for analyzing the current time frame to calculate a peakposition and a fundamental frequency of peak positions in the currenttime frame. Furthermore, the target phase measure determiner comprises atarget spectrum generator for estimating further peak positions in thecurrent time frame using the peak position and the fundamental frequencyof peak positions. In detail, the target spectrum generator may comprisea peak detector for generating a pulse train of a time, a signal formerto adjust a frequency of the pulse train according to the fundamentalfrequency of peak positions, a pulse positioner to adjust the phase ofthe pulse train according to the position, and a spectrum analyzer togenerate a phase spectrum of the adjusted pulse train, wherein the phasespectrum of the time domain signal is the target phase measure. Thedescribed embodiment of the target phase measure determiner isadvantageous for generating a target spectrum for an audio signal havinga waveform with peaks.

The embodiments of the second audio processor describe a vertical phasecorrection. The vertical phase correction adjusts the phase of the audiosignal in one time frame over all subbands. The adjustment of the phaseof the audio signal, applied independently for each subband, results,after synthesizing the subbands of the audio signal, in a waveform ofthe audio signal different from the uncorrected audio signal. Therefore,it is e.g. possible to reshape a smeared peak or a transient.

According to a further embodiment, a calculator is shown for determiningphase correction data for an audio signal with a variation determinerfor determining a variation of the phase of the audio signal in a firstand a second variation mode, a variation comparator for comparing afirst variation determined using the phase variation mode and a secondvariation determined using the second variation mode, and a correctiondata calculator for calculating the phase correction in accordance withthe first variation mode or the second variation mode based on a resultof the comparing.

A further embodiment shows the variation determiner for determining astandard deviation measure of a phase derivative over time (PDT) for aplurality of time frames of the audio signal as the variation of thephase in the first variation mode or a standard deviation measure of aphase derivative over frequency (PDF) for a plurality of subbands as thevariation of the phase in the second variation mode. The variationcomparator compares the measure of the phase derivative over time as thefirst variation mode and the measure of the phase derivative overfrequency as the second variation mode for time frames of the audiosignal. According to a further embodiment, the variation determiner isconfigured for determining a variation of the phase of the audio signalin a third variation mode, wherein the third variation mode is atransient detection mode. Therefore, the variation comparator comparesthe three variation modes and the correction data calculator calculatesthe phase correction in accordance with the first variation mode, thesecond variation, or the third variation mode based on a result of thecomparing.

The decision rules of the correction data calculator can be described asfollows. If a transient is detected, the phase is corrected according tothe phase correction for transients to restore the shape of thetransient. Otherwise, if the first variation is smaller or equal thanthe second variation, the phase correction of the first variation modeis applied or, if the second variation is larger than the firstvariation, the phase correction in accordance with the second variationmode is applied. If the absence of a transient is detected and if boththe first and the second variation exceed a threshold value, none of thephase correction modes are applied.

The calculator may be configured for analyzing the audio signal, e.g. inan audio encoding stage, to determine the best phase correction mode andto calculate the relevant parameters for the determined phase correctionmode. In a decoding stage, the parameters can be used to obtain adecoded audio signal which has a better quality compared to audiosignals decoded using state of the art codecs. It has to be noted thatthe calculator autonomously detects the right correction mode for eachtime frame of the audio signal.

Embodiments show a decoder for decoding an audio signal with a firsttarget spectrum generator for generating a target spectrum for a firsttime frame of a second signal of the audio signal using first correctiondata and a first phase corrector for correcting a phase of the subbandsignal in the first time frame of the audio signal determined with aphase correction algorithm, wherein the correction is performed byreducing a difference between a measure of the subband signal in thefirst time frame of the audio signal and the target spectrum.Additionally, the decoder comprises an audio subband signal calculatorfor calculating the audio subband signal for the first time frame usinga corrected phase for the time frame and for calculating audio subbandsignal for a second time frame different from the first time frame usingthe measure of the subband signal in the second time frame or using acorrected phase calculation in accordance with a further phasecorrection algorithm different from the phase correction algorithm.

According to further embodiments, the decoder comprises a second and athird target spectrum generator equivalent to the first target spectrumgenerating and a second and a third phase corrector equivalent to thefirst phase corrector. Therefore, the first phase corrector can performa horizontal phase correction, the second phase corrector may perform avertical phase correction, and the third phase corrector can performphase correction transients. According to a further embodiment thedecoder comprises a core decoder configured for decoding the audiosignal in a time frame with a reduced number of subbands with respect tothe audio signal. Furthermore, the decoder may comprise a patcher forpatching a set of subbands of the core decoded audio signal with areduced number of subbands, wherein the set of subbands forms a firstpatch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacent to the reducednumber of subbands, to obtain an audio signal with a regular number ofsubbands. Furthermore, the decoder can comprise a magnitude processorfor processing magnitude values of the audio subband signal in the timeframe and an audio signal synthesizer for synthesizing audio subbandsignals or a magnitude of processed audio subband signals to obtain asynthesized decoded audio signal. This embodiment can establish adecoder for bandwidth extension comprising a phase correction of thedecoded audio signal.

Accordingly, an encoder for encoding an audio signal comprising a phasedeterminer for determining a phase of the audio signal, a calculator fordetermining phase correction data for an audio signal based on thedetermined phase of the audio signal, a core encoder configured for coreencoding the audio signal to obtain a core encoded audio signal having areduced number of subbands with respect to the audio signal, and aparameter extractor configured for extracting parameters of the audiosignal for obtaining a low resolution parameter representation for asecond set of subbands not included in the core encoded audio signal,and an audio signal former for forming an output signal comprising theparameters, the core encoded audio signal, and the phase correction datacan form an encoder for bandwidth extension.

All of the previously described embodiments may be seen in total or incombination, for example in an encoder and/or a decoder for bandwidthextension with a phase correction of the decoded audio signal.Alternatively, it is also possible to view all of the describedembodiments independently without respect to each other.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequentlyreferring to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1a shows the magnitude spectrum of a violin signal in a timefrequency representation;

FIG. 1b shows the phase spectrum corresponding to the magnitude spectrumof FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 1c shows the magnitude spectrum of a trombone signal in the QMFdomain in a time frequency representation;

FIG. 1d shows the phase spectrum corresponding to the magnitude spectrumof FIG. 1 c;

FIG. 2 shows a time frequency diagram comprising time frequency tiles(e.g. QMF bins, Quadrature Mirror Filter bank bins), defined by a timeframe and a subband;

FIG. 3a shows an exemplary frequency diagram of an audio signal, whereinthe magnitude of the frequency is depicted over ten different subbands;

FIG. 3b shows an exemplary frequency representation of the audio signalafter reception, e.g. during a decoding process at an intermediate step;

FIG. 3c shows an exemplary frequency representation of the reconstructedaudio signal Z(k,n);

FIG. 4a shows a magnitude spectrum of the violin signal in the QMFdomain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 4b shows a phase spectrum corresponding to the magnitude spectrumof FIG. 4 a;

FIG. 4c shows a magnitude spectrum of a trombone signal in the QMFdomain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 4d shows the phase spectrum corresponding to the magnitude spectrumof FIG. 4 c;

FIG. 5 shows a time-domain representation of a single QMF bin withdifferent phase values;

FIG. 6 shows a time-domain and frequency-domain presentation of asingle, which has one non-zero frequency band and the phase changingwith a fixed value, π/4 (upper) and 3π/4 (lower);

FIG. 7 shows a time-domain and a frequency-domain presentation of asignal, which has one non-zero frequency band and the phase is changingrandomly;

FIG. 8 shows the effect described regarding FIG. 6 in a time frequencyrepresentation of four time frames and four frequency subbands, whereonly the third subband comprises a frequency different from zero;

FIG. 9 shows a time-domain and a frequency-domain presentation of asignal, which has one non-zero temporal frame and the phase is changingwith a fixed value, π/4 (upper) and 3π/4 (lower);

FIG. 10 shows a time-domain and a frequency-domain presentation of asignal, which has one non-zero temporal frame and the phase is changingrandomly;

FIG. 11 shows a time frequency diagram similar to the time frequencydiagram shown in FIG. 8, where only the third time frame comprises afrequency different from zero;

FIG. 12a shows a phase derivative over time of the violin signal in theQMF domain in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 12b shows the phase derivative frequency corresponding to the phasederivative over time shown in FIG. 12 a;

FIG. 12c shows the phase derivative over time of the trombone signal inthe QMF domain in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 12d shows the phase derivative over frequency of the correspondingphase derivative over time of FIG. 12 c;

FIG. 13a shows the phase derivative over time of the violin signal inthe QMF domain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 13b shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to thephase derivative over time shown in FIG. 13 a;

FIG. 13c shows the phase derivative over time of the trombone signal inthe QMF domain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 13d shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to thephase derivative over time shown in FIG. 13 c;

FIG. 14a shows schematically four phases of, e.g. subsequent time framesor frequency subbands, in a unit circle;

FIG. 14b shows the phases illustrated in FIG. 14a after SBR processingand, in dashed lines, the corrected phases;

FIG. 15 shows a schematic block diagram of an audio processor 50;

FIG. 16 shows the audio processor in a schematic block diagram accordingto a further embodiment;

FIG. 17 shows a smoothened error in the PDT of the violin signal in theQMF domain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 18a shows an error in the PDT of the violin signal in the QMFdomain for the corrected SBR in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 18b shows the phase derivative over time corresponding to the errorshown in FIG. 18 a;

FIG. 19 shows a schematic block diagram of a decoder;

FIG. 20 shows a schematic block diagram of an encoder;

FIG. 21 shows a schematic block diagram of a data stream which may be anaudio signal;

FIG. 22 shows the data stream of FIG. 21 according to a furtherembodiment;

FIG. 23 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for processing anaudio signal;

FIG. 24 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for decoding anaudio signal;

FIG. 25 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for encoding anaudio signal;

FIG. 26 shows a schematic block diagram of an audio processor accordingto a further embodiment;

FIG. 27 shows a schematic block diagram of the audio processor accordingto an advantageous embodiment;

FIG. 28a shows a schematic block diagram of a phase corrector in theaudio processor illustrating signal flow in more detail;

FIG. 28b shows the steps of the phase correction from another point ofview compared to FIGS. 26-28 a;

FIG. 29 shows a schematic block diagram of a target phase measuredeterminer in the audio processor illustrating the target phase measuredeterminer in more detail;

FIG. 30 shows a schematic block diagram of a target spectrum generatorin the audio processor illustrating the target spectrum generator inmore detail;

FIG. 31 shows a schematic block diagram of a decoder;

FIG. 32 shows a schematic block diagram of an encoder;

FIG. 33 shows a schematic block diagram of a data stream which may be anaudio signal;

FIG. 34 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for processing anaudio signal;

FIG. 35 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for decoding anaudio signal;

FIG. 36 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for decoding anaudio signal;

FIG. 37 shows an error in the phase spectrum of the trombone signal inthe QMF domain using direct copy-up SBR in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 38a shows the error in the phase spectrum of the trombone signal inthe QMF domain using corrected SBR in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 38b shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to theerror shown in FIG. 38 a;

FIG. 39 shows a schematic block diagram of a calculator;

FIG. 40 shows a schematic block diagram of the calculator illustratingthe signal flow in the variation determiner in more detail;

FIG. 41 shows a schematic block diagram of the calculator according to afurther embodiment;

FIG. 42 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for determiningphase correction data for an audio signal;

FIG. 43a shows a standard deviation of the phase derivative over time ofthe violin signal in the QMF domain in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 43b shows the standard deviation of the phase derivative overfrequency corresponding to the standard deviation of the phasederivative over time shown with respect to FIG. 43 a;

FIG. 43c shows the standard deviation of the phase derivative over timeof the trombone signal in the QMF domain in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 43d shows the standard deviation of the phase derivative overfrequency corresponding to the standard deviation of the phasederivative over time shown in FIG. 43 c;

FIG. 44a shows the magnitude of a violin+clap signal in the QMF domainin a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 44b shows the phase spectrum corresponding to the magnitudespectrum shown in FIG. 44 a;

FIG. 45a shows a phase derivative over time of the violin+clap signal inthe QMF domain in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 45b shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to thephase derivative over time shown in FIG. 45 a;

FIG. 46a shows a phase derivative over time of the violin+clap signal inthe QMF domain using corrected SBR in a time frequency representation;

FIG. 46b shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to thephase derivative over time shown in FIG. 46 a;

FIG. 47 shows the frequencies of the QMF bands in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 48a shows the frequencies of the QMF bands direct copy-up SBRcompared to the original frequencies shown in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 48b shows the frequencies of the QMF band using corrected SBRcompared to the original frequencies in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 49 shows estimated frequencies of the harmonics compared to thefrequencies of the QMF bands of the original signal in a time-frequencyrepresentation;

FIG. 50a shows the error in the phase derivative over time of the violinsignal in the QMF domain using corrected SBR with compressed correctiondata in a time-frequency representation;

FIG. 50b shows the phase derivative over time corresponding to the errorof the phase derivative over time shown in FIG. 50 a;

FIG. 51a shows the waveform of the trombone signal in a time diagram;

FIG. 51b shows the time domain signal corresponding to the trombonesignal in FIG. 51a that contains only estimated peaks; wherein thepositions of the peaks have been obtained using the transmittedmetadata;

FIG. 52a shows the error in the phase spectrum of the trombone signal inthe QMF domain using corrected SBR with compressed correction data in atime-frequency representation;

FIG. 52b shows the phase derivative over frequency corresponding to theerror in the phase spectrum shown in FIG. 52 a;

FIG. 53 shows a schematic block diagram of a decoder;

FIG. 54 shows a schematic block diagram according to an advantageousembodiment;

FIG. 55 shows a schematic block diagram of the decoder according to afurther embodiment;

FIG. 56 shows a schematic block diagram of an encoder;

FIG. 57 shows a block diagram of a calculator which may be used in theencoder shown in FIG. 56;

FIG. 58 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for decoding anaudio signal; and

FIG. 59 shows a schematic block diagram of a method for encoding anaudio signal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following, embodiments of the invention will be described infurther detail. Elements shown in the respective figures having the sameor a similar functionality will have associated therewith the samereference signs.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described with regard to aspecific signal processing. Therefore, FIGS. 1-14 describe the signalprocessing applied to the audio signal. Even though the embodiments aredescribed with respect to this special signal processing, the presentinvention is not limited to this processing and can be further appliedto many other processing schemes as well. Furthermore, FIGS. 15-25 showembodiments of an audio processor which may be used for horizontal phasecorrection of the audio signal. FIGS. 26-38 show embodiments of an audioprocessor which may be used for vertical phase correction of the audiosignal. Moreover, FIGS. 39-52 show embodiments of a calculator fordetermining phase correction data for an audio signal. The calculatormay analyze the audio signal and determine which of the previouslymentioned audio processors are applied or, if none of the audioprocessors is suitable for the audio signal, to apply none of the audioprocessors to the audio signal. FIGS. 53-59 show embodiments of adecoder and an encoder which may comprise the second processor and thecalculator.

1 INTRODUCTION

Perceptual audio coding has proliferated as mainstream enabling digitaltechnology for all types of applications that provide audio andmultimedia to consumers using transmission or storage channels withlimited capacity. Modern perceptual audio codecs are expected to deliversatisfactory audio quality at increasingly low bit rates. In turn, onehas to put up with certain coding artifacts that are most tolerable bythe majority of listeners. Audio Bandwidth Extension (BWE) is atechnique to artificially extend the frequency range of an audio coderby spectral translation or transposition of transmitted lowband signalparts into the highband at the price of introducing certain artifacts.

The finding is that some of these artifacts are related to the change ofthe phase derivative within the artificially extended highband. One ofthese artifacts is the alteration of phase derivative over frequency(see also “vertical” phase coherence) [8]. Preservation of said phasederivative is perceptually important for tonal signals having apulse-train like time domain waveform and a rather low fundamentalfrequency. Artifacts related to a change of the vertical phasederivative correspond to a local dispersion of energy in time and areoften found in audio signals which have been processed by BWEtechniques. Another artifact is the alteration of the phase derivativeover time (see also “horizontal” phase coherence) which is perceptuallyimportant for overtone-rich tonal signals of any

fundamental frequency. Artifacts related to an alteration of thehorizontal phase derivative correspond to a local frequency offset inpitch and are often found in audio signals which have been processed byBWE techniques.

The present invention presents means for readjusting either the verticalor horizontal phase derivative of such signals when this property hasbeen compromised by application of so-called audio bandwidth extension(BWE). Further means are provided to decide if a restoration of thephase derivative is perceptually beneficial and whether adjusting thevertical or horizontal phase derivative is perceptually advantageous.

Bandwidth-extension methods, such as spectral band replication (SBR)[9], are often used in low-bit-rate codecs. They allow transmitting onlya relatively narrow low-frequency region alongside with parametricinformation about the higher bands. Since the bit rate of the parametricinformation is small, significant improvement in the coding efficiencycan be obtained.

Typically the signal for the higher bands is obtained by simply copyingit from the transmitted low-frequency region. The processing is usuallyperformed in the complex-modulated quadrature-mirror-filter-bank (QMF)[10] domain, which is assumed also in the following. The copied-upsignal is processed by multiplying the magnitude spectrum of it withsuitable gains based on the transmitted parameters. The aim is to obtaina similar magnitude spectrum as that of the original signal. On thecontrary, the phase spectrum of the copied-up signal is typically notprocessed at all, but, instead, the copied-up phase spectrum is directlyused.

The perceptual consequences of using directly the copied-up phasespectrum is investigated in the following. Based on the observedeffects, two metrics for detecting the perceptually most significanteffects are suggested. Moreover, methods how to correct the phasespectrum based on them are suggested. Finally, strategies for minimizingthe amount of transmitted parameter values for performing the correctionare suggested.

The present invention is related to the finding that preservation orrestoration of the phase derivative is able to remedy prominentartifacts induced by audio bandwidth extension (BWE) techniques. Forinstance, typical signals, where the preservation of the phasederivative is important, are tones with rich harmonic overtone content,such as voiced speech, brass instruments or bowed strings.

The present invention further provides means to decide if—for a givensignal frame—a restoration of the phase derivative is perceptuallybeneficial and whether adjusting the vertical or horizontal phasederivative is perceptually advantageous.

The invention teaches an apparatus and a method for phase derivativecorrection in audio codecs using BWE techniques with the followingaspects:

-   1. Quantification of the “importance” of phase derivative correction-   2. Signal dependent prioritization of either vertical (“frequency”)    phase derivative correction or horizontal (“time”) phase derivative    correction-   3. Signal dependent switching of correction direction (“frequency”    or “time”)-   4. Dedicated vertical phase derivative correction mode for    transients-   5. Obtaining stable parameters for a smooth correction-   6. Compact side information transmission format of correction    parameters

2 PRESENTATION OF SIGNALS IN THE QMF DOMAIN

A time-domain signal x(m), where m is discrete time, can be presented inthe time-frequency domain, e.g. using a complex-modulated QuadratureMirror Filter bank (QMF). The resulting signal is X(k,n), where k is thefrequency band index and n the temporal frame index. The QMF of 64 bandsand the sampling frequency f_(s) of 48 kHz are assumed forvisualizations and embodiments. Thus, the bandwidth f_(BW) of eachfrequency band is 375 Hz and the temporal hop size t_(hop) (17 in FIG.2) is 1.33 ms. However, the processing is not limited to such atransform. Alternatively, an MDCT (Modified Discrete Cosine Transform)or a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) may be used instead.

The resulting signal is X(k,n), where k is the frequency band index andn the temporal frame index. X(k,n) is a complex signal. Thus, it canalso be presented using the magnitude X^(mag)(k,n) and the phasecomponents X^(pha)(k,n) with j being the complex number

X(k,n)=X ^(mag)(k,n)e ^(jX) ^(pha) ^((k,n)).  (1)

The audio signals are presented mostly using X^(mag)(k,n) andX^(pha)(k,n) (see FIG. 1 for two examples).

FIG. 1a shows a magnitude spectrum X^(mag)(k,n) of a violin signal,wherein FIG. 1b shows the corresponding phase spectrum X^(pha)(k,n),both in the QMF domain. Furthermore, FIG. 1c shows a magnitude spectrumX^(mag)(k,n) of a trombone signal, wherein FIG. 1d shows thecorresponding phase spectrum again in the corresponding QMF domain. Withregard to the magnitude spectra in FIGS. 1a and 1c , the color gradientindicates a magnitude from red=0 dB to blue=−80 dB. Furthermore, for thephase spectra in FIGS. 1b and 1d , the color gradient indicates phasesfrom red=π to blue=−π.

3 AUDIO DATA

The audio data used to show an effect of a described audio processingare named ‘trombone’ for an audio signal of a trombone, ‘violin’ for anaudio signal of a violin, and ‘violin+clap’ for the violin signal with ahand clap added in the middle.

4 BASIC OPERATION OF SBR

FIG. 2 shows a time frequency diagram 5 comprising time frequency tiles10 (e.g. QMF bins, Quadrature Mirror Filter bank bins), defined by atime frame 15 and a subband 20. An audio signal may be transformed intosuch a time frequency representation using a QMF (Quadrature MirrorFilter bank) transform, an MDCT (Modified Discrete Cosine Transform), ora DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). The division of the audio signal intime frames may comprise overlapping parts of the audio signal. In thelower part of FIG. 1, a single overlap of time frames 15 is shown, whereat maximum two time frames overlap at the same time. Furthermore, i.e.if more redundancy is needed, the audio signal can be divided usingmultiple overlap as well. In a multiple overlap algorithm three or moretime frames may comprise the same part of the audio signal at a certainpoint of time. The duration of an overlap is the hop size t_(hop) 17.

Assuming a signal X(k,n), the bandwidth-extended (BWE) signal Z(k,n) isobtained from the input signal X(k,n) by copying up certain parts of thetransmitted low-frequency frequency band. An SBR algorithm starts byselecting a frequency region to be transmitted. In this example, thebands from 1 to 7 are selected:

∀1≦k≦7:X _(trans)(k,n)=X(k,n).  (2)

The amount of frequency bands to be transmitted depends on the desiredbit rate. The figures and the equations are produced using 7 bands, andfrom 5 to 11 bands are used for the corresponding audio data. Thus, thecross-over frequencies between the transmitted frequency region and thehigher bands are from 1875 to 4125 Hz, respectively. The frequency bandsabove this region are not transmitted at all, but instead, parametricmetadata is created for describing them. X_(trans) (k,n) is coded andtransmitted. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the codingdoes not modify the signal in any way, even though it has to be seenthat the further processing is not limited to the assumed case.

In the receiving end, the transmitted frequency region is directly usedfor the corresponding frequencies.

For the higher bands, the signal may be created somehow using thetransmitted signal. One approach is simply to copy the transmittedsignal to higher frequencies. A slightly modified version is used here.First, a baseband signal is selected. It could be the whole transmittedsignal, but in this embodiment the first frequency band is omitted. Thereason for this is that the phase spectrum was noticed to be irregularfor the first band in many cases. Thus, the baseband to be copied up isdefined as

∀1≦k≦6:X _(base)(k,n)=X _(trans)(k+1,n).  (3)

Other bandwidths can also be used for the transmitted and the basebandsignals. Using the baseband signal, raw signals for the higherfrequencies are created

Y _(raw)(k,n,i)=X _(base)(k,n),  (4)

where Y_(raw)(k,n,i) is the complex QMF signal for the frequency patchi. The raw frequency-patch signals are manipulated according to thetransmitted metadata by multiplying them with gains g(k,n,i)

Y(k,n,i)=Y _(raw)(k,n,i)g(k,n,i).  (5)

It should be noted that the gains are real valued, and thus, only themagnitude spectrum is affected and thereby adapted to a desired targetvalue. Known approaches show how the gains are obtained. The targetphase remains non-corrected in said known approaches.

The final signal to be reproduced is obtained by concatenating thetransmitted and the patch signals for seamlessly extending the bandwidthto obtain a BWE signal of the desired bandwidth. In this embodiment, i=7is assumed.

Z(k,n)=X _(trans)(k,n),Z(k+6i+1,n)=Y(k,n,i).  (6)

FIG. 3 shows the described signals in a graphical representation. FIG.3a shows an exemplary frequency diagram of an audio signal, wherein themagnitude of the frequency is depicted over ten different subbands. Thefirst seven subbands reflect the transmitted frequency bandsX_(trans)(k,n) 25. The baseband X_(base)(k,n) 30 is derived therefrom bychoosing the second to the seventh subbands. FIG. 3a shows the originalaudio signal, i.e. the audio signal before transmission or encoding.FIG. 3b shows an exemplary frequency representation of the audio signalafter reception, e.g. during a decoding process at an intermediate step.The frequency spectrum of the audio signal comprises the transmittedfrequency bands 25 and seven baseband signals 30 copied to highersubbands of the frequency spectrum forming an audio signal 32 comprisingfrequencies higher than the frequencies in the baseband. The completebaseband signal is also referred to as a frequency patch. FIG. 3c showsa reconstructed audio signal Z(k,n) 35. Compared to FIG. 3b , thepatches of baseband signals are multiplied individually by a gainfactor. Therefore, the frequency spectrum of the audio signal comprisesthe main frequency spectrum 25 and a number of magnitude correctedpatches Y(k,n,1) 40. This patching method is referred to as directcopy-up patching. Direct copy-up patching is exemplarily used todescribe the present invention, even though the invention is not limitedto such a patching algorithm. A further patching algorithm which may beused is, e.g. a harmonic patching algorithm.

It is assumed that the parametric representation of the higher bands isperfect, i.e., the magnitude spectrum of the reconstructed signal isidentical to that of the original signal

Z ^(mag)(k,n)=X ^(mag)(k,n).  (7)

However, it should be noted that the phase spectrum is not corrected inany way by the algorithm, so it is not correct even if the algorithmworked perfectly. Therefore, embodiments show how to additionally adaptand correct the phase spectrum of Z(k,n) to a target value such that animprovement of the perceptual quality is obtained. In embodiments, thecorrection can be performed using three different processing modes,“horizontal”, “vertical” and “transient”. These modes are separatelydiscussed in the following.

Z^(mag)(k,n) and Z^(pha)(k,n) are depicted in FIG. 4 for the violin andthe trombone signals. FIG. 4 shows exemplary spectra of thereconstructed audio signal 35 using spectral bandwidth replication (SBR)with direct copy-up patching. The magnitude spectrum Z^(mag)(k,n) of aviolin signal is shown in FIG. 4a , wherein FIG. 4b shows thecorresponding phase spectrum Z^(pha)(k,n). FIGS. 4c and 4d show thecorresponding spectra for a trombone signal. All of the signals arepresented in the QMF domain. As already seen in FIG. 1, the colorgradient indicates a magnitude from red=0 dB to blue=−80 dB, and a phasefrom red=π to blue=−π. It can be seen that their phase spectra aredifferent than the spectra of the original signals (see FIG. 1). Due toSBR, the violin is perceived to contain inharmonicity and the tromboneto contain modulating noises at the cross-over frequencies. However, thephase plots look quite random, and it is really difficult to say howdifferent they are, and what the perceptual effects of the differencesare. Moreover, sending correction data for this kind of random data isnot feasible in coding applications that may use low bit rate. Thus,understanding the perceptual effects of the phase spectrum and findingmetrics for describing them are needed. These topics are discussed inthe following sections.

5 MEANING OF THE PHASE SPECTRUM IN THE QMF DOMAIN

Often it is thought that the index of the frequency band defines thefrequency of a single tonal component, the magnitude defines the levelof it, and the phase defines the ‘timing’ of it. However, the bandwidthof a QMF band is relatively large, and the data is oversampled. Thus,the interaction between the time-frequency tiles (i.e., QMF bins)actually defines all of these properties.

A time-domain presentation of a single QMF bin with three differentphase values, i.e., X^(mag)(3,1)=1 and X^(pha)(3,1)=0, π/2, or π isdepicted in FIG. 5. The result is a sinc-like function with the lengthof 13.3 ms. The exact shape of the function is defined by the phaseparameter.

Considering a case where only one frequency band is non-zero for alltemporal frames, i.e.,

∀n∃

:X ^(mag)(3,n)=1.  (8)

By changing the phase between the temporal frames with a fixed value α,i.e.,

X ^(pha)(k,n)=X ^(pha)(k,n−1)+α,  (9)

a sinusoid is created. The resulting signal (i.e., the time-domainsignal after inverse QMF transform) is presented in FIG. 6 with thevalues of α=π/4 (top) and 3π/4 (bottom). It can be seen that thefrequency of the sinusoid is affected by the phase change. The frequencydomain is shown on the right, wherein the time domain of the signal isshown on the left of FIG. 6.

Correspondingly, if the phase is selected randomly, the result isnarrow-band noise (see FIG. 7). Thus, it can be said that the phase of aQMF bin is controlling the frequency content inside the correspondingfrequency band.

FIG. 8 shows the effect described regarding FIG. 6 in a time frequencyrepresentation of four time frames and four frequency subbands, whereonly the third subband comprises a frequency different from zero. Thisresults in the frequency domain signal from FIG. 6, presentedschematically on the right of FIG. 8, and in the time domainrepresentation of FIG. 6 presented schematically at the bottom of FIG.8.

Considering a case where only one temporal frame is non-zero for allfrequency bands, i.e.,

∀k∃

:X ^(mag)(k,3)=1.  (10)

By changing the phase between the frequency bands with a fixed value α,i.e.,

X ^(pha)(k,n)=X ^(pha)(k−1,n)+α,  (11)

a transient is created. The resulting signal (i.e., the time-domainsignal after inverse QMF transform) is presented in FIG. 9 with thevalues of α=π/4 (top) and 3π/4 (bottom). It can be seen that thetemporal position of the transient is affected by the phase change. Thefrequency domain is shown on the right of FIG. 9, wherein the timedomain of the signal is shown on the left of FIG. 9.

Correspondingly, if the phase is selected randomly, the result is ashort noise burst (see FIG. 10). Thus, it can be said that the phase ofa QMF bin is also controlling the temporal positions of the harmonicsinside the corresponding temporal frame.

FIG. 11 shows a time frequency diagram similar to the time frequencydiagram shown in FIG. 8. In FIG. 11, only the third time frame comprisesvalues different from zero having a time shift of π/4 from one subbandto another. Transformed into a frequency domain, the frequency domainsignal from the right side of FIG. 9 is obtained, schematicallypresented on the right side of FIG. 11. A schematic of a time domainrepresentation of the left part of FIG. 9 is shown at the bottom of FIG.11. This signal results by transforming the time frequency domain into atime domain signal.

6 MEASURES FOR DESCRIBING PERCEPTUALLY RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF THE PHASESPECTRUM

As discussed in Section 4, the phase spectrum in itself looks quitemessy, and it is difficult to see directly what its effect on perceptionis. Section 5 presented two effects that can be caused by manipulatingthe phase spectrum in the QMF domain: (a) constant phase change overtime produces a sinusoid and the amount of phase change controls thefrequency of the sinusoid, and (b) constant phase change over frequencyproduces a transient and the amount of phase change controls thetemporal position of the transient.

The frequency and the temporal position of a partial are obviouslysignificant to human perception, so detecting these properties ispotentially useful. They can be estimated by computing the phasederivative over time (PDT)

X ^(pdt)(k,n)=X ^(pha)(k,n+1)−X ^(pha)(k,n)  (12)

and by computing the phase derivative over frequency (PDF)

X ^(pdf)(k,n)=X ^(pha)(k+1,n)−X ^(pha)(k,n).  (13)

X^(pdt)(k,n) is related to the frequency and X^(pdf)(k,n) to thetemporal position of a partial. Due to the properties of the QMFanalysis (how the phases of the modulators of the adjacent temporalframes match at the position of a transient), π is added to the eventemporal frames of X^(pdf)(k,n) in the figures for visualizationpurposes in order to produce smooth curves.

Next it is inspected how these measures look like for our examplesignals. FIG. 12 shows the derivatives for the violin and the trombonesignals. More specifically, FIG. 12a shows a phase derivative over timeX^(pdt)(k,n) of the original, i.e. non-processed, violin audio signal inthe QMF domain. FIG. 12b shows a corresponding phase derivative overfrequency X^(pdf)(k,n). FIGS. 12c and 12d show the phase derivative overtime and the phase derivative over frequency for a trombone signal,respectively. The color gradient indicates phase values from red=π toblue=−π. For the violin, the magnitude spectrum is basically noise untilabout 0.13 seconds (see FIG. 1) and hence the derivatives are alsonoisy. Starting from about 0.13 seconds X^(pdt) appears to haverelatively stable values over time. This would mean that the signalcontains strong, relatively stable, sinusoids. The frequencies of thesesinusoids are determined by the X^(pdt) values. On the contrary, theX^(pdf) plot appears to be relatively noisy, so no relevant data isfound for the violin using it.

For the trombone, X^(pdt) is relatively noisy. On the contrary, theX^(pdf) appears to have about the same value at all frequencies. Inpractice, this means that all the harmonic components are aligned intime producing a transient-like signal. The temporal locations of thetransients are determined by the X^(pdf) values.

The same derivatives can also be computed for the SBR-processed signalsZ(k,n) (see FIG. 13). FIGS. 13a to 13d are directly related to FIGS. 12ato 12d , derived by using the direct copy-up SBR algorithm describedpreviously. As the phase spectrum is simply copied from the baseband tothe higher patches, PDTs of the frequency patches are identical to thatof the baseband. Thus, for the violin, PDT is relatively smooth overtime producing stable sinusoids, as in the case of the original signal.However, the values of Z^(pdt) are different than those with theoriginal signal X^(pdt), which causes that the produced sinusoids havedifferent frequencies than in the original signal. The perceptual effectof this is discussed in Section 7.

Correspondingly, PDF of the frequency patches is otherwise identical tothat of the baseband, but at the cross-over frequencies the PDF is, inpractice, random. At the cross-over, the PDF is actually computedbetween the last and the first phase value of the frequency patch, i.e.,

Z ^(pdt)(7,n)Z ^(pha)(8,n)−Z ^(pha)(7,n)=Y ^(pha)(1,n,i)−Y^(pha)(6,n,i)  (14)

These values depend on the actual PDF and the cross-over frequency, andthey do not match with the values of the original signal.

For the trombone, the PDF values of the copied-up signal are correctapart from the cross-over frequencies. Thus, the temporal locations ofthe most of the harmonics are in the correct places, but the harmonicsat the cross-over frequencies are practically at random locations. Theperceptual effect of this is discussed in Section 7.

7 HUMAN PERCEPTION OF PHASE ERRORS

Sounds can roughly be divided into two categories: harmonic andnoise-like signals. The noise-like signals have, already by definition,noisy phase properties. Thus, the phase errors caused by SBR are assumednot to be perceptually significant with them. Instead, it isconcentrated on harmonic signals. Most of the musical instruments, andalso speech, produce harmonic structure to the signal, i.e., the tonecontains strong sinusoidal components spaced in frequency by thefundamental frequency.

Human hearing is often assumed to behave as if it contained a bank ofoverlapping band-pass filters, referred to as the auditory filters.Thus, the hearing can be assumed to handle complex sounds so that thepartial sounds inside the auditory filter are analyzed as one entity.The width of these filters can be approximated to follow the equivalentrectangular bandwidth (ERB) [11], which can be determined according to

ERB=24.7(4.37f _(c)+1),  (15)

where f_(c) is the center frequency of the band (in kHz). As discussedin Section 4, the cross-over frequency between the baseband and the SBRpatches is around 3 kHz. At these frequencies the ERB is about 350 Hz.The bandwidth of a QMF frequency band is actually relatively close tothis, 375 Hz. Hence, the bandwidth of the QMF frequency bands can beassumed to follow ERB at the frequencies of interest.

Two properties of a sound that can go wrong due to erroneous phasespectrum were observed in Section 6: the frequency and the timing of apartial component. Concentrate on the frequency, the question is, canhuman hearing perceive the frequencies of individual harmonics? If itcan, then the frequency offset caused by SBR should be corrected, and ifnot, then correction is not required.

The concept of resolved and unresolved harmonics [12] can be used toclarify this topic. If there is only one harmonic inside the ERB, theharmonic is called resolved. It is typically assumed that the humanhearing processes resolved harmonics individually and, thus, issensitive to the frequency of them. In practice, changing the frequencyof resolved harmonics is perceived to cause inharmonicity.

Correspondingly, if there are multiple harmonics inside the ERB, theharmonics are called unresolved. The human hearing is assumed not toprocess these harmonics individually, but instead, their joint effect isseen by the auditory system. The result is a periodic signal and thelength of the period is determined by the spacing of the harmonics. Thepitch perception is related to the length of the period, so humanhearing is assumed to be sensitive to it. Nevertheless, if all harmonicsinside the frequency patch in SBR are shifted by the same amount, thespacing between the harmonics, and thus the perceived pitch, remains thesame. Hence, in the case of unresolved harmonics, human hearing does notperceive frequency offsets as inharmonicity.

Timing-related errors caused by SBR are considered next. By timing thetemporal position, or the phase, of a harmonic component is meant. Thisshould not be confused with the phase of a QMF bin. The perception oftiming-related errors was studied in detail in [13]. It was observedthat for the most of the signals human hearing is not sensitive to thetiming, or the phase, of the harmonic components. However, there arecertain signals with which the human hearing is very sensitive to thetiming of the partials. The signals include, for example, trombone andtrumpet sounds and speech. With these signals, a certain phase angletakes place at the same time instant with all harmonics. Neural firingrate of different auditory bands were simulated in [13]. It was foundout that with these phase-sensitive signals the produced neural firingrate is peaky at all auditory bands and that the peaks are aligned intime. Changing the phase of even a single harmonic can change thepeakedness of the neural firing rate with these signals. According tothe results of the formal listening test, human hearing is sensitive tothis [13]. The produced effects are the perception of an addedsinusoidal component or a narrowband noise at the

frequencies where the phase was modified.

In addition, it was found out that the sensitivity to the timing-relatedeffects depends on the fundamental frequency of the harmonic tone [13].The lower the fundamental frequency, the larger are the perceivedeffects. If the fundamental frequency is above about 800 Hz, theauditory system is not sensitive at all to the timing-related effects.

Thus, if the fundamental frequency is low and if the phase of theharmonics is aligned over frequency (which means that the temporalpositions of the harmonics are aligned), changes in the timing, or inother words the phase, of the harmonics can be perceived by the humanhearing. If the fundamental frequency is high and/or the phase of theharmonics is not aligned over frequency, the human hearing is notsensitive to changes in the timing of the harmonics.

8 CORRECTION METHODS

In Section 7, it was noted that humans are sensitive to errors in thefrequencies of resolved harmonics. In addition, humans are sensitive toerrors in the temporal positions of the harmonics if the fundamentalfrequency is low and if the harmonics are aligned over frequency. SBRcan cause both of these errors, as discussed in Section 6, so theperceived quality can be improved by correcting them. Methods for doingso are suggested in this section.

FIG. 14 schematically illustrates the basic idea of the correctionmethods. FIG. 14a shows schematically four phases 45 a-d of, e.g.subsequent time frames or frequency subbands, in a unit circle. Thephases 45 a-d are spaced equally by 90°. FIG. 14b shows the phases afterSBR processing and, in dashed lines, the corrected phases. The phase 45a before processing may be shifted to the phase angle 45 a′. The sameapplies to the phases 45 b to 45 d. It is shown that the differencebetween the phases after processing, i.e. the phase derivative, may becorrupted after SBR processing. For example, the difference between thephases 45 a′ and 45 b′ is 110° after SBR processing, which was 90°before processing. The correction methods will change the phase values45 b′ to the new phase value 45 b″ to retrieve the old phase derivativeof 90°. The same correction is applied to the phases of 45 d′ and 45 d″.

8.1 Correcting Frequency Errors—Horizontal Phase Derivative Correction

As discussed in Section 7, humans can perceive an error in the frequencyof a harmonic mostly when there is only one harmonic inside one ERB.Furthermore, the bandwidth of a QMF frequency band can be used toestimate ERB at the first cross over. Hence, the frequency has to becorrected only when there is one harmonic inside one frequency band.This is very convenient, since Section 5 showed that, if there is oneharmonic per band, the produced PDT values are stable, or slowlychanging over time, and can potentially be corrected using low bit rate.

FIG. 15 shows an audio processor 50 for processing an audio signal 55.The audio processor 50 comprises an audio signal phase measurecalculator 60, a target phase measure determiner 65 and a phasecorrector 70. The audio signal phase measure calculator 60 is configuredfor calculating a phase measure 80 of the audio signal 55 for a timeframe 75. The target phase measure determiner 65 is configured fordetermining a target phase measure 85 for said time frame 75.Furthermore, the phase corrector is configured for correcting phases 45of the audio signal 55 for the time frame 75 using the calculated phasemeasure 80 and the target phase measure 85 to obtain a processed audiosignal 90. Optionally, the audio signal 55 comprises a plurality ofsubband signals 95 for the time frame 75. Further embodiments of theaudio processor 50 are described with respect to FIG. 16. According toan embodiment, the target phase measure determiner 65 is configured fordetermining a first target phase measure 85 a and a second target phasemeasure 85 b for a second subband signal 95 b. Accordingly, the audiosignal phase measure calculator 60 is configured for determining a firstphase measure 80 a for the first subband signal 95 a and a second phasemeasure 80 b for the second subband signal 95 b. The phase corrector isconfigured for correcting a phase 45 a of the first subband signal 95 ausing the first phase measure 80 a of the audio signal 55 and the firsttarget phase measure 85 a and to correct a second phase 45 b of thesecond subband signal 95 b using the second phase measure 80 b of theaudio signal 55 and the second target phase measure 85 b. Furthermore,the audio processor 50 comprises an audio signal synthesizer 100 forsynthesizing the processed audio signal 90 using the processed firstsubband signal 95 a and the processed second subband signal 95 b.According to further embodiments, the phase measure 80 is a phasederivative over time. Therefore, the audio signal phase measurecalculator 60 may calculate, for each subband 95 of a plurality ofsubbands, the phase derivative of a phase value 45 of a current timeframe 75 b and a phase value of a future time frame 75 c. Accordingly,the phase corrector 70 can calculate, for each subband 95 of theplurality of subbands of the current time frame 75 b, a deviationbetween the target phase derivative 85 and the phase derivative overtime 80, wherein a correction performed by the phase corrector 70 isperformed using the deviation.

Embodiments show the phase corrector 70 being configured for correctingsubband signals 95 of different subbands of the audio signal 55 withinthe time frame 75, so that frequencies of corrected subband signals 95have frequency values being harmonically allocated to a fundamentalfrequency of the audio signal 55. The fundamental frequency is thelowest frequency occurring in the audio signal 55, or in other words,the first harmonics of the audio signal 55.

Furthermore, the phase corrector 70 is configured for smoothing thedeviation 105 for each subband 95 of the plurality of subbands over aprevious time frame, the current time frame, and a future time frame 75a to 75 c and is configured for reducing rapid changes of the deviation105 within a subband 95. According to further embodiments, the smoothingis a weighted mean, wherein the phase corrector 70 is configured forcalculating the weighted mean over the previous, the current and thefuture time frames 75 a to 75 c, weighted by a magnitude of the audiosignal 55 in the previous, the current and the future time frame 75 a to75 c.

Embodiments show the previously described processing steps vector based.Therefore, the phase corrector 70 is configured for forming a vector ofdeviations 105, wherein a first element of the vector refers to a firstdeviation 105 a for the first subband 95 a of the plurality of subbandsand a second element of the vector refers to a second deviation 105 bfor the second subband 95 b of the plurality of subbands from a previoustime frame 75 a to a current time frame 75 b. Furthermore, the phasecorrector 70 can apply the vector of deviations 105 to the phases 45 ofthe audio signal 55, wherein the first element of the vector is appliedto a phase 45 a of the audio signal 55 in a first subband 95 a of aplurality of subbands of the audio signal 55 and the second element ofthe vector is applied to a phase 45 b of the audio signal 55 in a secondsubband 95 b of the plurality of subbands of the audio signal 55.

From another point of view, it can be stated that the whole processingin the audio processor 50 is vector-based, wherein each vectorrepresents a time frame 75, wherein each subband 95 of the plurality ofsubband comprises an element of the vector. Further embodiments focus onthe target phase measure determiner which is configured for obtaining afundamental frequency estimate 85 b for a current time frame 75 b,wherein the target phase measure determiner 65 is configured forcalculating a frequency estimate 85 for each subband of the plurality ofsubbands for the time frame 75 using the fundamental frequency estimate85 for the time frame 75. Furthermore, the target phase measuredeterminer 65 may convert the frequency estimates 85 for each subband 95of the plurality of subbands into a phase derivative over time using atotal number of subbands 95 and a sampling frequency of the audio signal55. For clarification it has to be noted that the output 85 of thetarget phase measure determiner 65 may be either the frequency estimateor the phase derivative over time, depending on the embodiment.Therefore, in one embodiment the frequency estimate already comprisesthe right format for further processing in the phase corrector 70,wherein in another embodiment the frequency estimate has to be convertedinto a suitable format, which may be a phase derivative over time.

Accordingly, the target phase measure determiner 65 may be seen asvector based as well. Therefore, the target phase measure determiner 65can form a vector of frequency estimates 85 for each subband 95 of theplurality of subbands, wherein the first element of the vector refers toa frequency estimate 85 a for a first subband 95 a and a second elementof the vector refers to a frequency estimate 85 b for a second subband95 b. Additionally, the target phase measure determiner 65 can calculatethe frequency estimate 85 using multiples of the fundamental frequency,wherein the frequency estimate 85 of the current subband 95 is thatmultiple of the fundamental frequency which is closest to the center ofthe subband 95, or wherein the frequency estimate 85 of the currentsubband is a border frequency of the current subband 95 if none of themultiples of the fundamental frequency are within the current subband95.

In other words, the suggested algorithm for correcting the errors in thefrequencies of the harmonics using the audio processor 50 functions asfollows. First, the PDT is computed and the SBR processed signalZ^(pdt). Z^(pdt)(k,n)=Z^(pha)(k,n+1)−Z^(pha)(k,n). The differencebetween it and a target PDT for the horizontal correction is computednext:

D ^(pdt)(k,n)=Z ^(pdt)(k,n)−Z _(th) ^(pdt)(k,n).  (16a)

At this point the target PDT can be assumed to be equal to the PDT ofthe input of the input signal

Z _(th) ^(pdt)(k,n)=X ^(pdt)(k,n).  (16b)

Later it will be presented how the target PDT can be obtained with a lowbit rate.

This value (i.e. the error value 105) is smoothened over time using aHann window W(l). Suitable length is, for example, 41 samples in the QMFdomain (corresponding to an interval of 55 ms). The smoothing isweighted by the magnitude of the corresponding time-frequency tiles

D _(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n)=circmean{D ^(pdt)(k,n+l),W(l)Z^(mag)(k,n+l)},−20≦l≦20,  (17)

where circmean {a, b} denotes computing the circular mean for angularvalues a weighted by values b. The smoothened error in the PDT D_(sm)^(pdt)(k,n) is depicted in FIG. 17 for the violin signal in the QMFdomain using direct copy-up SBR. The color gradient indicates phasevalues from red=π to blue=−π.

Next, a modulator matrix is created for modifying the phase spectrum inorder to obtain the desired PDT

Q ^(pha)(k,n+1)=Q ^(pha)(k,n)−D _(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n).  (18)

The phase spectrum is processed using this matrix

Z _(ch) ^(pha)(k,n)=Z ^(pha)(k,n)+Q ^(pha)(k,n).  (19)

FIG. 18a shows the error in the phase derivative over time (PDT) D_(sm)^(pdt)(k,n) of the violin signal in the QMF domain for the correctedSBR. FIG. 18b shows the corresponding phase derivative over time Z_(ch)^(pdt)(k,n), wherein the error in the PDT shown in FIG. 18a was derivedby comparing the results presented in FIG. 12a with the resultspresented in FIG. 18b . Again, the color gradient indicates phase valuesfrom red=π to blue=−π. The PDT is computed for the corrected phasespectrum Z_(ch) ^(pha)(k,n) (see FIG. 18b ). It can be seen that the PDTof the corrected phase spectrum reminds the PDT of the original signalwell (see FIG. 12), and the error is small for time-frequency tilescontaining significant energy (see FIG. 18a ). It can be noticed thatthe inharmonicity of the non-corrected SBR data is largely gone.Furthermore, the algorithm does not seem to cause significant artifacts.

Using X^(pdt)(k,n) as a target PDT, it is likely to transmit thePDT-error values D_(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n) for each time-frequency tile. Afurther approach calculating the target PDT such that the bandwidth fortransmission is reduced is shown in section 9.

In further embodiments, the audio processor 50 may be part of a decoder110. Therefore, the decoder 110 for decoding an audio signal 55 maycomprise the audio processor 50, a core decoder 115, and a patcher 120.The core decoder 115 is configured for core decoding an audio signal 25in a time frame 75 with a reduced number of subbands with respect to theaudio signal 55. The patcher patches a set of subbands 95 of the coredecoded audio signal 25 with a reduced number of subbands, wherein theset of subbands forms a first patch 30 a, to further subbands in thetime frame 75, adjacent to the reduced number of subbands, to obtain anaudio signal 55 with a regular number of subbands. Additionally, theaudio processor 50 is configured for correcting the phases 45 within thesubbands of the first patch 30 a according to a target function 85. Theaudio processor 50 and the audio signal 55 have been described withrespect to FIGS. 15 and 16, where the reference signs not depicted inFIG. 19 are explained. The audio processor according to the embodimentsperforms the phase correction. Depending on the embodiments, the audioprocessor may further comprise a magnitude correction of the audiosignal by a bandwidth extension parameter applicator 125 applying BWE orSBR parameters to the patches. Furthermore, the audio processor maycomprise the synthesizer 100, e.g. a synthesis filter bank, forcombining, i.e. synthesizing, the subbands of the audio signal to obtaina regular audio file.

According to further embodiments, the patcher 120 is configured forpatching a set of subbands 95 of the audio signal 25, wherein the set ofsubbands forms a second patch, to further subbands of the time frame,adjacent to the first patch and wherein the audio processor 50 isconfigured for correcting the phase 45 within the subbands of the secondpatch. Alternatively, the patcher 120 is configured for patching thecorrected first patch to further subbands of the time frame, adjacent tothe first patch.

In other words, in the first option the patcher builds an audio signalwith a regular number of subbands from the transmitted part of the audiosignal and thereafter the phases of each patch of the audio signal arecorrected. The second option first corrects the phases of the firstpatch with respect to the transmitted part of the audio signal andthereafter builds the audio signal with the regular number of subbandswith the already corrected first patch.

Further embodiments show the decoder 110 comprising a data streamextractor 130 configured for extracting a fundamental frequency 114 ofthe current time frame 75 of the audio signal 55 from a data stream 135,wherein the data stream further comprises the encoded audio signal 145with a reduced number of subbands. Alternatively, the decoder maycomprise a fundamental frequency analyzer 150 configured for analyzingthe core decoded audio signal 25 in order to calculate the fundamentalfrequency 140. In other words, options for deriving the fundamentalfrequency 140 are for example an analysis of the audio signal in thedecoder or in the encoder, wherein in the latter case the fundamentalfrequency may be more accurate at the cost of a higher data rate, sincethe value has to be transmitted from the encoder to the decoder.

FIG. 20 shows an encoder 155 for encoding the audio signal 55. Theencoder comprises a core encoder 160 for core encoding the audio signal55 to obtain a core encoded audio signal 145 having a reduced number ofsubbands with respect to the audio signal and the encoder comprises afundamental frequency analyzer 175 for analyzing the audio signal 55 ora low pass filtered version of the audio signal 55 for obtaining afundamental frequency estimate of the audio signal. Furthermore, theencoder comprises a parameter extractor 165 for extracting parameters ofsubbands of the audio signal 55 not included in the core encoded audiosignal 145 and the encoder comprises an output signal former 170 forforming an output signal 135 comprising the core encoded audio signal145, the parameters and the fundamental frequency estimate. In thisembodiment, the encoder 155 may comprise a low pass filter in front ofthe core decoder 160 and a high pass filter 185 in front of theparameter extractor 165. According to further embodiments, the outputsignal former 170 is configured for forming the output the signal 135into a sequence of frames, wherein each frame comprises the core encodedsignal 145, the parameters 190, and wherein only each n-th framecomprising the fundamental frequency estimate 140, wherein n≧2. Inembodiments, the core encoder 160 may be, for example an AAC (AdvancedAudio Coding) encoder.

In an alternative embodiment an intelligent gap filling encoder may beused for encoding the audio signal 55. Therefore, the core encoderencodes a full bandwidth audio signal, wherein at least one subband ofthe audio signal is left out. Therefore, the parameter extractor 165extracts parameters for reconstructing the subbands being left out fromthe encoding process of the core encoder 160.

FIG. 21 shows a schematic illustration of the output signal 135. Theoutput signal is an audio signal comprising a core encoded audio signal145 having a reduced number of subbands with respect to the originalaudio signal 55, a parameter 190 representing subbands of the audiosignal not included in the core encoded audio signal 145, and afundamental frequency estimate 140 of the audio signal 135 or theoriginal audio signal 55.

FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of the audio signal 135, wherein the audiosignal is formed into a sequence of frames 195, wherein each frame 195comprises the core encoded audio signal 145, the parameters 190, andwherein only each n-th frame 195 comprises the fundamental frequencyestimate 140, wherein n≧2. This may describe an equally spacedfundamental frequency estimate transmission for e.g. every 20^(th)frame, or wherein the fundamental frequency estimate is transmittedirregularly, e.g. on demand or on purpose.

FIG. 23 shows a method 2300 for processing an audio signal with a step2305 “calculating a phase measure of an audio signal for a time framewith an audio signal phase derivative calculator”, a step 2310“determining a target phase measure for said time frame with a targetphase derivative determiner”, and a step 2315 “correcting phases of theaudio signal for the time frame with a phase corrector using thecalculating phase measure and the target phase measure to obtain aprocessed audio signal”.

FIG. 24 shows a method 2400 for decoding an audio signal with a step2405 “decoding an audio signal in a time frame with the reduced numberof subbands with respect to the audio signal”, a step 2410 “patching aset of subbands of the decoded audio signal with the reduced number ofsubbands, wherein the set of subbands forms a first patch, to furthersubbands in the time frame, adjacent to the reduced number of subbands,to obtain an audio signal with a regular number of subbands”, and a step2415 “correcting the phases within the subbands of the first patchaccording to a target function with the audio process”.

FIG. 25 shows a method 2500 for encoding an audio signal with a step2505 “core encoding the audio signal with a core encoder to obtain acore encoded audio signal having a reduced number of subbands withrespect to the audio signal”, a step 2510 “analyzing the audio signal ora low pass filtered version of the audio signal with a fundamentalfrequency analyzer for obtaining a fundamental frequency estimate forthe audio signal”, a step 2515 “extracting parameters of subbands of theaudio signal not included in the core encoded audio signal with aparameter extractor”, and a step 2520 “forming an output signalcomprising the core encoded audio signal, the parameters, and thefundamental frequency estimate with an output signal former”.

The described methods 2300, 2400 and 2500 may be implemented in aprogram code of a computer program for performing the methods when thecomputer program runs on a computer.

8.2 Correcting Temporal Errors—Vertical Phase Derivative Correction

As discussed previously, humans can perceive an error in the temporalposition of a harmonic if the harmonics are synced over frequency and ifthe fundamental frequency is low. In Section 5 it was shown that theharmonics are synced if the phase derivative over frequency is constantin the QMF domain. Therefore, it is advantageous to have at least oneharmonic in each frequency band. Otherwise the ‘empty’ frequency bandswould have random phases and would disturb this measure. Luckily, humansare sensitive to the temporal location of the harmonics only when thefundamental frequency is low (see Section 7). Thus, the phase derivateover frequency can be used as a measure for determining perceptuallysignificant effects due to temporal movements of the harmonics.

FIG. 26 shows a schematic block diagram of an audio processor 50′ forprocessing an audio signal 55, wherein the audio processor 50′ comprisesa target phase measure determiner 65′, a phase error calculator 200, anda phase corrector 70′. The target phase measure determiner 65′determines a target phase measure 85′ for the audio signal 55 in thetime frame 75. The phase error calculator 200 calculates a phase error105′ using a phase of the audio signal 55 in the time frame 75 and thetarget phase measure 85′. The phase corrector 70′ corrects the phase ofthe audio signal 55 in the time frame using the phase error 105′ formingthe processed audio signal 90′.

FIG. 27 shows a schematic block diagram of the audio processor 50′according to a further embodiment. Therefore, the audio signal 55comprises a plurality of subbands 95 for the time frame 75. Accordingly,the target phase measure determiner 65′ is configured for determining afirst target phase measure 85 a′ for a first subband signal 95 a and asecond target phase measure 85 b′ for a second subband signal 95 b. Thephase error calculator 200 forms a vector of phase errors 105′, whereina first element of the vector refers to a first deviation 105 a′ of thephase of the first subband signal 95 and the first target phase measure85 a′ and wherein a second element of the vector refers to a seconddeviation 105 b′ of the phase of the second subband signal 95 b and thesecond target phase measurer 85 b′. Furthermore, the audio processor 50′comprises an audio signal synthesizer 100 for synthesizing a correctedaudio signal 90′ using a corrected first subband signal 90 a′ and acorrected second subband signal 90 b′.

Regarding further embodiments, the plurality of subbands 95 is groupedinto a baseband 30 and a set of frequency patches 40, the baseband 30comprising one subband 95 of the audio signal 55 and the set offrequency patches 40 comprises the at least one subband 95 of thebaseband 30 at a frequency higher than the frequency of the at least onesubband in the baseband. It has to be noted that the patching of theaudio signal has already been described with respect to FIG. 3 and willtherefore not be described in detail in this part of the description. Itjust has to be mentioned that the frequency patches 40 may be the rawbaseband signal copied to higher frequencies multiplied by a gain factorwherein the phase correction can be applied. Furthermore, according toan advantageous embodiment the multiplication of the gain and the phasecorrection can be switched such that the phases of the raw basebandsignal are copied to higher frequencies before being multiplied by thegain factor. The embodiment further shows the phase error calculator 200calculating a mean of elements of a vector of phase errors 105′referring to a first patch 40 a of the set of frequency patches 40 toobtain an average phase error 105″. Furthermore, an audio signal phasederivative calculator 210 is shown for calculating a mean of phasederivatives over frequency 215 for the baseband 30.

FIG. 28a shows a more detailed description of the phase corrector 70′ ina block diagram. The phase corrector 70′ at the top of FIG. 28a isconfigured for correcting a phase of the subband signals 95 in the firstand subsequent frequency patches 40 of the set of frequency patches. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 28a it is illustrated that the subbands 95 c and95 d belong to patch 40 a and subbands 95 e and 95 f belong to frequencypatch 40 b. The phases are corrected using a weighted average phaseerror, wherein the average phase error 105 is weighting according to anindex of the frequency patch 40 to obtain a modified patch signal 40′.

A further embodiment is depicted at the bottom of FIG. 28a . In the topleft corner of the phase corrector 70′ the already described embodimentis shown for obtaining the modified patch signal 40′ from the patches 40and the average phase error 105″. Moreover, the phase corrector 70′calculates in an initialization step a further modified patch signal 40″with an optimized first frequency patch by adding the mean of the phasederivatives over frequency 215, weighted by a current subband index, tothe phase of the subband signal with a highest subband index in thebaseband 30 of the audio signal 55. For this initialization step, theswitch 220 a is in its left position. For any further processing step,the switch will be in the other position forming a vertically directedconnection.

In a further embodiment, the audio signal phase derivative calculator210 is configured for calculating a mean of phase derivatives overfrequency 215 for a plurality of subband signals comprising higherfrequencies than the baseband signal 30 to detect transients in thesubband signal 95. It has to be noted that the transient correction issimilar to the vertical phase correction of the audio processor 50′ withthe difference that the frequencies in the baseband 30 do not reflectthe higher frequencies of a transient. Therefore, these frequencies haveto be taken into consideration for the phase correction of a transient.

After the initialization step, the phase correct 70′ is configured forrecursively updating, based on the frequency patches 40, the furthermodified patch signal 40″ by adding the mean of the phase derivativesover frequency 215, weighted by the subband index of the current subband95, to the phase of the subband signal with the highest subband index inthe previous frequency patch. The advantageous embodiment is acombination of the previously described embodiments, where the phasecorrector 70′ calculates a weighted mean of the modified patch signal40′ and the further modified patch signal 40″ to obtain a combinedmodified patch signal 40′″. Therefore, the phase corrector 70′recursively updates, based on the frequency patches 40, a combinedmodified patch signal 40″′ by adding the mean of the phase derivativesover frequency 215, weighted by the subband index of the current subband95 to the phase of the subband signal with the highest subband index inthe previous frequency patch of the combined modified patch signal 40″.To obtain the combined modified patches 40 a′″, 40 b′″, etc., the switch220 b is shifted to the next position after each recursion, starting atthe combined modified 48″′ for the initialization step, switching to thecombined modified patch 40 b′″ after the first recursion and so on.

Furthermore, the phase corrector 70′ may calculate a weighted mean of apatch signal 40′ and the modified patch signal 40″ using a circular meanof the patch signal 40′ in the current frequency patch weighted with afirst specific weighting function and the modified patch signal 40″ inthe current frequency patch weighted with a second specific weightingfunction.

In order to provide an interoperability between the audio processor 50and the audio processor 50′, the phase corrector 70′ may form a vectorof phase deviations, wherein the phase deviations are calculated using acombined modified patch signal 40′″ and the audio signal 55.

FIG. 28b illustrates the steps of the phase correction from anotherpoint of view. For a first time frame 75 a, the patch signal 40′ isderived by applying the first phase correction mode on the patches ofthe audio signal 55. The patch signal 40′ is used in the initializationstep of the second correction mode to obtain the modified patch signal40″. A combination of the patch signal 40′ and the modified patch signal40″ results in a combined modified patch signal 40′″.

The second correction mode is therefore applied on the combined modifiedpatch signal 40′″ to obtain the modified patch signal 40″ for the secondtime frame 75 b. Additionally, the first correction mode is applied onthe patches of the audio signal 55 in the second time frame 75 b toobtain the patch signal 40′. Again, a combination of the patch signal40′ and the modified patch signal 40″ results in the combined modifiedpatch signal 40′″. The processing scheme described for the second timeframe is applied to the third time frame 75 c and any further time frameof the audio signal 55 accordingly.

FIG. 29 shows a detailed block diagram of the target phase measuredeterminer 65′. According to an embodiment, the target phase measuredeterminer 65′ comprises a data stream extractor 130′ for extracting apeak position 230 and a fundamental frequency of peak positions 235 in acurrent time frame of the audio signal 55 from a data stream 135.Alternatively, the target phase measure determiner 65′ comprises anaudio signal analyzer 225 for analyzing the audio signal 55 in thecurrent time frame to calculate a peak position 230 and a fundamentalfrequency of peak positions 235 in the current time frame. Additionally,the target phase measure determiner comprises a target spectrumgenerator 240 for estimating further peak positions in the current timeframe using the peak position 230 and the fundamental frequency of peakpositions 235.

FIG. 30 illustrates a detailed block diagram of the target spectrumgenerator 240 described in FIG. 29. The target spectrum generator 240comprises a peak generator 245 for generating a pulse train 265 overtime. A signal former 250 adjusts a frequency of the pulse trainaccording to the fundamental frequency of peak positions 235.Furthermore, a pulse positioner 255 adjusts the phase of the pulse train265 according to the peak position 230. In other words, the signalformer 250 changes the form of a random frequency of the pulse train 265such that the frequency of the pulse train is equal to the fundamentalfrequency of the peak positions of the audio signal 55. Furthermore, thepulse positioner 255 shifts the phase of the pulse train such that oneof the peaks of the pulse train is equal to the peak position 230.Thereafter, a spectrum analyzer 260 generates a phase spectrum of theadjusted pulse train, wherein the phase spectrum of the time domainsignal is the target phase measure 85′.

FIG. 31 shows a schematic block diagram of a decoder 110′ for decodingan audio signal 55. The decoder 110 comprises a core decoding 115configured for decoding an audio signal 25 in a time frame of thebaseband, and a patcher 120 for patching a set of subbands 95 of thedecoded baseband, wherein the set of subbands forms a patch, to furthersubbands in the time frame, adjacent to the baseband, to obtain an audiosignal 32 comprising frequencies higher than the frequencies in thebaseband. Furthermore, the decoder 110′ comprises an audio processor 50′for correcting phases of the subbands of the patch according to a targetphase measure.

According to a further embodiment, the patcher 120 is configured forpatching the set of subbands 95 of the audio signal 25, wherein the setof subbands forms a further patch, to further subbands of the timeframe, adjacent to the patch, and wherein the audio processor 50′ isconfigured for correcting the phases within the subbands of the furtherpatch. Alternatively, the patcher 120 is configured for patching thecorrected patch to further subbands of the time frame adjacent to thepatch.

A further embodiment is related to a decoder for decoding an audiosignal comprising a transient, wherein the audio processor 50′ isconfigured to correct the phase of the transient. The transient handlingis described in other word in section 8.4. Therefore, the decoder 110comprises a further audio processor 50′ for receiving a further phasederivative of a frequency and to correct transients in the audio signal32 using the received phase derivative or frequency. Furthermore, it hasto be noted that the decoder 110′ of FIG. 31 is similar to the decoder110 of FIG. 19, such that the description concerning the main elementsis mutually exchangeable in those cases not related to the difference inthe audio processors 50 and 50′.

FIG. 32 shows an encoder 155′ for encoding an audio signal 55. Theencoder 155′ comprises a core encoder 160, a fundamental frequencyanalyzer 175′, a parameter extractor 165, and an output signal former170. The core encoder 160 is configured for core encoding the audiosignal 55 to obtain a core encoded audio signal 145 having a reducednumber of subbands with respect to the audio signal 55. The fundamentalfrequency analyzer 175′ analyzes peak positions 230 in the audio signal55 or a low pass filtered version of the audio signal for obtaining afundamental frequency estimate of peak positions 235 in the audiosignal. Furthermore, the parameter extractor 165 extracts parameters 190of subbands of the audio signal 55 not included in the core encodedaudio signal 145 and the output signal former 170 forms an output signal135 comprising the core encoded audio signal 145, the parameters 190,the fundamental frequency of peak positions 235, and one of the peakpositions 230. According to embodiments, the output signal former 170 isconfigured to form the output signal 135 into a sequence of frames,wherein each frame comprises the core encoded audio signal 145, theparameters 190, and wherein only each n-th frame comprises thefundamental frequency estimate of peak positions 235 and the peakposition 230, wherein n≧2.

FIG. 33 shows an embodiment of the audio signal 135 comprising a coreencoded audio signal 145 comprising a reduced number of subbands withrespect to the original audio signal 55, the parameter 190 representingsubbands of the audio signal not included in the core encoded audiosignal, a fundamental frequency estimate of peak positions 235, and apeak position estimate 230 of the audio signal 55. Alternatively, theaudio signal 135 is formed into a sequence of frames, wherein each framecomprises the core encoded audio signal 145, the parameters 190, andwherein only each n-th frame comprises the fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions 235 and the peak position 230, wherein n≧2.The idea has already been described with respect to FIG. 22.

FIG. 34 shows a method 3400 for processing an audio signal with an audioprocessor. The method 3400 comprises a step 3405 “determining a targetphase measure for the audio signal in a time frame with a target phasemeasure”, a step 3410 “calculating a phase error with a phase errorcalculator using the phase of the audio signal in the time frame and thetarget phase measure”, and a step 3415 “correcting the phase of theaudio signal in the time frame with a phase corrected using the phaseerror”.

FIG. 35 shows a method 3500 for decoding an audio signal with a decoder.The method 3500 comprises a step 3505 “decoding an audio signal in atime frame of the baseband with a core decoder”, a step 3510 “patching aset of subbands of the decoded baseband with a patcher, wherein the setof subbands forms a patch, to further subbands in the time frame,adjacent to the baseband, to obtain an audio signal comprisingfrequencies higher than the frequencies in the baseband”, and a step3515 “correcting phases with the subbands of the first patch with anaudio processor according to a target phase measure”.

FIG. 36 shows a method 3600 for encoding an audio signal with anencoder. The method 3600 comprises a step 3605 “core encoding the audiosignal with a core encoder to obtain a core encoded audio signal havinga reduced number of subbands with respect to the audio signal”, a step3610 “analyzing the audio signal or a low-pass filtered version of theaudio signal with a fundamental frequency analyzer for obtaining afundamental frequency estimate of peak positions in the audio signal”, astep 3615 “extracting parameters of subbands of the audio signal notincluded in the core encoded audio signal with a parameter extractor”,and a step 3620 “forming an output signal with an output signal formercomprising the core encoded audio signal, the parameters, thefundamental frequency of peak positions, and the peak position”.

In other words, the suggested algorithm for correcting the errors in thetemporal positions of the harmonics functions as follows. First, adifference between the phase spectra of the target signal and theSBR-processed signal (Z_(tv) ^(pha)(k,n) and Z^(pha)) is computed

D ^(pha)(k,n)=Z ^(pha)(k,n)−Z _(tv) ^(pha)(k,n),  (20a)

which is depicted in FIG. 37. FIG. 37 shows the error in the phasespectrum D^(pha) (k,n) of the trombone signal in the QMF domain usingdirect copy-up SBR. At this point the target phase spectrum can beassumed to be equal to that of the input signal

Z _(tv) ^(pha)(k,n)=X ^(pha)(k,n)  (20b)

Later it will be presented how the target phase spectrum can be obtainedwith a low bit rate.

The vertical phase derivative correction is performed using two methods,and the final corrected phase spectrum is obtained as a mix of them.

First, it can be seen that the error is relatively constant inside thefrequency patch, and the error jumps to a new value when entering a newfrequency patch. This makes sense, since the phase is changing with aconstant value over frequency at all frequencies in the original signal.The error is formed at the cross-over and the error remains constantinside the patch. Thus, a single value is enough for correcting thephase error for the whole frequency patch. Furthermore, the phase errorof the higher frequency patches can be corrected using this same errorvalue after multiplication with the index number of the frequency patch.

Therefore, circular mean of the phase error is computed for the firstfrequency patch

D _(avg) ^(pha)(n)=circmean{D ^(pha)(k,n)},8≦k≦13.  (21)

The phase spectrum can be corrected using it

Y _(cv1) ^(pha)(k,n,i)=Y ^(pha)(k,n,i)−i·D _(avg) ^(pha)(n).  (22)

This raw correction produces an accurate result if the target PDF, e.g.the phase derivative over frequency X^(pdf)(k,n), is exactly constant atall frequencies. However, as can be seen in FIG. 12, often there isslight fluctuation over frequency in the value. Thus, better results canbe obtained by using enhanced processing at the cross-overs in order toavoid any discontinuities in the produced PDF. In other words, thiscorrection produces correct values for the PDF on average, but theremight be slight discontinuities at the cross-over frequencies of thefrequency patches. In order to avoid them, the correction method isapplied. The final corrected phase spectrum Y_(cv) ^(pha) (k,n,i) isobtained as a mix of two correction methods.

The other correction method begins by computing a mean of the PDF in thebaseband

X _(avg) ^(pdf)(n)=circmean{X _(base) ^(pdf)(k,n)}  (23)

The phase spectrum can be corrected using this measure by assuming thatthe phase is changing with this average value, i.e.,

Y _(cv2) ^(pha)(k,n,1)=X _(base) ^(pha)(6,n)+k·X _(avg) ^(pdf)(n),

Y _(cv2) ^(pha)(k,n,i)=Y _(cv) ^(pha)(6,n,i−1)+k·X _(avg)^(pdf)(n),  (24)

wherein Y_(cv) ^(pha) is the combined patch signal of the two correctionmethods.

This correction provides good quality at the cross-overs, but can causea drift in the PDF towards higher frequencies. In order to avoid this,the two correction methods are combined by computing a weighted circularmean of them

Y _(cv) ^(pha)(k,n,i)=circmean{Y _(cv12) ^(pha)(k,n,i,c),W_(fc)(k,c)},  (25)

where c denotes the correction method (Y_(cv) ^(pha) or Y_(cv) ^(pha)and W_(fc)(k,c) is the weighting function

W _(fc)(k,1)=[0.2,0.45,0.7,1,1,1],

W _(fc)(k,2)=[0.8,0.55,0.3,0,0,0].  (26a)

The resulting phase spectrum Y_(cv) ^(pha)(k,n,i) suffers neither fromdiscontinuities nor drifting. The error compared to the originalspectrum and the PDF of the corrected phase spectrum are depicted inFIG. 38. FIG. 38a shows the error in the phase spectrum D_(cv)^(pha)(k,n) of the trombone signal in the QMF domain using the phasecorrected SBR signal, wherein FIG. 38b shows the corresponding phasederivative over frequency Z_(cv) ^(pdf)(k,n). It can be seen that theerror is significantly smaller than without the correction, and the PDFdoes not suffer from major discontinuities. There are significant errorsat certain temporal frames, but these frames have low energy (see FIG.4), so they have insignificant perceptual effect. The temporal frameswith significant energy are relatively well corrected. It can be noticedthat the artifacts of the non-corrected SBR are significantly mitigated.

The corrected phase spectrum Z_(cv) ^(pha)(k,n) is obtained byconcatenating the corrected frequency patches Y_(cv) ^(pha) (k,n,i). Tobe compatible with the horizontal-correction mode, the vertical phasecorrection can be presented also using a modulator matrix (see Eq. 18)

Q ^(pha)(k,n)=Z _(cv) ^(pha)(k,n)−Z ^(pha)(k,n).  (26b)

8.3 Switching Between Different Phase-Correction Methods

Sections 8.1 and 8.2 showed that SBR-induced phase errors can becorrected by applying PDT correction to the violin and PDF correction tothe trombone. However, it was not considered how to know which one ofthe corrections should be applied to an unknown signal, or if any ofthem should be applied. This section proposes a method for automaticallyselecting the correction direction. The correction direction(horizontal/vertical) is decided based on the variation of the phasederivatives of the input signal.

Therefore, in FIG. 39, a calculator for determining phase correctiondata for an audio signal 55 is shown. The variation determiner 275determines the variation of a phase 45 of the audio signal 55 in a firstand a second variation mode. The variation comparator 280 compares afirst variation 290 a determined using the first variation mode and asecond variation 290 b determined using the second variation mode and acorrection data calculator calculates the phase correction data 295 inaccordance with the first variation mode or the second variation modebased on a result of the comparer.

Furthermore, the variation determiner 275 may be configured fordetermining a standard deviation measure of a phase derivative over time(PDT) for a plurality of time frames of the audio signal 55 as thevariation 290 a of the phase in the first variation mode and fordetermining a standard deviation measure of a phase derivative overfrequency (PDF) for a plurality of subbands of the audio signal 55 asthe variation 290 b of the phase in the second variation mode.Therefore, the variation comparator 280 compares the measure of thephase derivative over time as the first variation 290 a and the measureof the phase derivative over frequency as a second variation 290 b fortime frames of the audio signal.

Embodiments show the variation determiner 275 for determining a circularstandard deviation of a phase derivative over time of a current and aplurality of previous frames of the audio signal 55 as the standarddeviation measure and for determining a circular standard deviation of aphase derivative over time of a current and a plurality of future framesof the audio signal 55 for a current time frame as the standarddeviation measure. Furthermore, the variation determiner 275 calculates,when determining the first variation 290 a, a minimum of both circularstandard deviations. In a further embodiment, the variation determiner275 calculates the variation 290 a in the first variation mode as acombination of a standard deviation measure for a plurality of subbands95 in a time frame 75 to form an averaged standard deviation measure ofa frequency. The variation comparator 280 is configured for performingthe combination of the standard deviation measures by calculating anenergy-weighted mean of the standard deviation measures of the pluralityof subbands using magnitude values of the subband signal 95 in thecurrent time frame 75 as an energy measure.

In an advantageous embodiment, the variation determiner 275 smoothensthe averaged standard deviation measure, when determining the firstvariation 290 a, over the current, a plurality of previous and aplurality of future time frames. The smoothing as weighted according toan energy calculated using corresponding time frames and a windowingfunction. Furthermore, the variation determiner 275 is configured forsmoothing the standard deviation measure, when determining the secondvariation 290 b over the current, a plurality of previous, and aplurality of future time frames 75, wherein the smoothing is weightedaccording to the energy calculated using corresponding time frames 75and a windowing function. Therefore, the variation comparator 280compares the smoothened average standard deviation measure as the firstvariation 290 a determined using the first variation mode and comparesthe smoothened standard deviation measure as the second variation 290 bdetermined using the second variation mode.

An advantageous embodiment is depicted in FIG. 40. According to thisembodiment, the variation determiner 275 comprises two processing pathsfor calculating the first and the second variation. A first processingpatch comprises a PDT calculator 300 a, for calculating the standarddeviation measure of the phase derivative over time 305 a from the audiosignal 55 or the phase of the audio signal. A circular standarddeviation calculator 310 a determines a first circular standarddeviation 315 a and a second circular standard deviation 315 b from thestandard deviation measure of a phase derivative over time 305 a. Thefirst and the second circular standard deviations 315 a and 315 b arecompared by a comparator 320. The comparator 320 calculates the minimum325 of the two circular standard deviation measures 315 a and 315 b. Acombiner combines the minimum 325 over frequency to form an averagestandard deviation measure 335 a. A smoother 340 a smoothens the averagestandard deviation measurer 335 a to form a smooth average standarddeviation measure 345 a.

The second processing path comprises a PDF calculator 300 b forcalculating a phase derivative over frequency 305 b from the audiosignal 55 or a phase of the audio signal. A circular standard deviationcalculator 310 b forms a standard deviation measures 335 b of the phasederivative over frequency 305. The standard deviation measure 305 issmoothened by a smoother 340 b to form a smooth standard deviationmeasure 345 b. The smoothened average standard deviation measures 345 aand the smoothened standard deviation measure 345 b are the first andthe second variation, respectively. The variation comparator 280compares the first and the second variation and the correction datacalculator 285 calculates the phase correction data 295 based on thecomparing of the first and the second variation.

Further embodiments show the calculator 270 handling three differentphase correction modes. A figurative block diagram is shown in FIG. 41.FIG. 41 shows the variation determiner 275 further determining a thirdvariation 290 c of the phase of the audio signal 55 in a third variationmode, wherein the third variation mode is a transient detection mode.The variation comparator 280 compares the first variation 290 a,determined using the first variation mode, the second variation 290 b,determined using the second variation mode, and the third variation 290c, determined using the third variation. Therefore, the correction datacalculator 285 calculates the phase correction data 295 in accordancewith the first correction mode, the second correction mode, or the thirdcorrection mode, based on a result of the comparing. For calculating thethird variation 290 c in the third variation mode, the variationcomparator 280 may be configured for calculating an instant energyestimate of the current time frame and a time-averaged energy estimateof a plurality of time frames 75. Therefore, the variation comparator280 is configured for calculating a ratio of the instant energy estimateand the time-averaged energy estimate and is configured for comparingthe ratio with a defined threshold to detect transients in a time frame75.

The variation comparator 280 has to determine a suitable correction modebased on three variations. Based on this decision, the correction datacalculator 285 calculates the phase correction data 295 in accordancewith a third variation mode if a transient is detected. Furthermore, thecorrection data calculator 85 calculates the phase correction data 295in accordance with a first variation mode, if an absence of a transientis detected and if the first variation 290 a, determined in the firstvariation mode, is smaller or equal than the second variation 290 b,determined in the second variation mode. Accordingly, the phasecorrection data 295 is calculated in accordance with the secondvariation mode, if an absence of a transient is detected and if thesecond variation 290 b, determined in the second variation mode, issmaller than the first variation 290 a, determined in the firstvariation mode.

The correction data calculator is further configured for calculating thephase correction data 295 for the third variation 290 c for a current,one or more previous and one or more future time frames. Accordingly,the correction data calculator 285 is configured for calculating thephase correction data 295 for the second variation mode 290 b for acurrent, one or more previous and one or more future time frames.Furthermore, the correction data calculator 285 is configured forcalculating correction data 295 for a horizontal phase correction andthe first variation mode, calculating correction data 295 for a verticalphase correction in the second variation mode, and calculatingcorrection data 295 for a transient correction in the third variationmode.

FIG. 42 shows a method 4200 for determining phase correction data froman audio signal. The method 4200 comprises a step 4205 “determining avariation of a phase of the audio signal with a variation determiner ina first and a second variation mode”, a step 4210 “comparing thevariation determined using the first and the second variation mode witha variation comparator”, and a step 4215 “calculating the phasecorrection with a correction data calculator in accordance with thefirst variation mode or the second variation mode based on a result ofthe comparing”.

In other words, the PDT of the violin is smooth over time whereas thePDF of the trombone is smooth over frequency. Hence, the standarddeviation (STD) of these measures as a measure of the variation can beused to select the appropriate correction method. The STD of the phasederivative over time can be computed as

X ^(stdt1)(k,n)=circstd{X ^(pdt)(k,n+l)},−23≦l≦0,

X ^(stdt2)(k,n)=circstd{X ^(pdt)(k,n+l)},0≦l≦23,

X ^(stdt)(k,n)=min{X ^(stdt1)(k,n),X ^(stdt2)(k,n)},  (27)

and the STD of the phase derivative over frequency as

X ^(stdf)(n)=circstd{X ^(pdf)(k,n)},2≦k≦13,  (28)

where circstd{ } denotes computing circular STD (the angle values couldpotentially be weighted by energy in order to avoid high STD due tonoisy low-energy bins, or the STD computation could be restricted tobins with sufficient energy). The STDs for the violin and the tromboneare shown in FIGS. 43a, 43b and FIGS. 43c, 43d , respectively. FIGS. 43aand c show the standard deviation of the phase derivative over timeX^(stdt)(k,n) in the QMF domain, wherein FIGS. 43b and 43d show thecorresponding standard deviation over frequency X^(stdf)(n) withoutphase correction. The color gradient indicates values from red=1 toblue=0. It can be seen that the STD of PDT is lower for the violinwhereas the STD of PDF is lower for the trombone (especially fortime-frequency tiles which have high energy).

The used correction method for each temporal frame is selected based onwhich of the STDs is lower. For that, X^(stdt)(k,n) values have to becombined over frequency. The merging is performed by computing anenergy-weighted mean for a predefined frequency range

$\begin{matrix}{{X^{stdt}\left( {k,n} \right)} = {\frac{\sum\limits_{k = 2}^{19}\; {{X^{stdt}\left( {k,n} \right)}{X^{mag}\left( {k,n} \right)}}}{\sum\limits_{k = 2}^{19}\; {X^{mag}\left( {k,n} \right)}}.}} & (29)\end{matrix}$

The deviation estimates are smoothened over time in order to have smoothswitching, and thus to avoid potential artifacts. The smoothing isperformed using a Hann window and it is weighted by the energy of thetemporal frame

$\begin{matrix}{{{X_{sm}^{stdt}(n)} = \frac{\sum\limits_{l = {- 10}}^{10}\; {{X^{stdt}\left( {n + l} \right)}{X^{mag}\left( {n + l} \right)}{W(l)}}}{\sum\limits_{l = {- 10}}^{10}\; {{X^{mag}\left( {n + l} \right)}{W(l)}}}},} & (30)\end{matrix}$

where W(l) is the window function and X^(mag)(n)=Σ_(k=1) ⁶⁴X^(mag)(k,n)is the sum of X^(mag)(k,n) over frequency. A corresponding equation isused for smoothing X^(stdf)(n).

The phase-correction method is determined by comparing X_(sm) ^(std)(n)and X_(sm) ^(std)(n). The default method is PDT (horizontal) correction,and if X_(sm) ^(stdf)(n)<X_(sm) ^(stdt)(n), PDF (vertical) correction isapplied for the interval [n−5,n+5]. If both of the deviations are large,e.g. larger than a predefined threshold value, neither of the correctionmethods is applied, and bit-rate savings could be made.

8.4 Transient Handling—Phase Derivative Correction for Transients

The violin signal with a hand clap added in the middle is presented FIG.44. The magnitude X^(mag)(k,n) of a violin+clap signal in the QMF domainis shown in FIG. 44a , and the corresponding phase spectrum X^(pha)(k,n)in FIG. 44b . Regarding FIG. 44a , the color gradient indicatesmagnitude values from red=0 dB to blue=−80 dB. Accordingly, for FIG. 44b, the phase gradient indicates phase values from red=π to blue=−π. Thephase derivatives over time and over frequency are presented in FIG. 45.The phase derivative over time X^(pdt)(k,n) of the violin+clap signal inthe QMF domain is shown in FIG. 45a , and the corresponding phasederivative over frequency X^(pdf)(k,n) in FIG. 45b . The color gradientindicates phase values from red=π to blue=−π. It can be seen that thePDT is noisy for the clap, but the PDF is somewhat smooth, at least athigh frequencies. Thus, PDF correction should be applied for the clap inorder to maintain the sharpness of it. However, the correction methodsuggested in Section 8.2 might not work properly with this signal,because the violin sound is disturbing the derivatives at lowfrequencies. As a result, the phase spectrum of the baseband does notreflect the high frequencies, and thus the phase correction of thefrequency patches using a single value may not work. Furthermore,detecting the transients based on the variation of the PDF value (seeSection 8.3) would be difficult due to noisy PDF values at lowfrequencies.

The solution to the problem is straightforward. First, the transientsare detected using a simple energy-based method. The instant energy ofmid/high frequencies is compared to a smoothened energy estimate. Theinstant energy of mid/high frequencies is computed as

$\begin{matrix}{{X^{magmh}(n)} = {\sum\limits_{k = 6}^{64}\; {{X^{mag}\left( {k,n} \right)}.}}} & (31)\end{matrix}$

The smoothing is performed using a first-order IIR filter

X _(sm) ^(magmh)(n)=0.1·X ^(magmh)(n)+0.9·X _(sm) ^(magmh)(n−1).  (32)

If X^(magmh)(n)/X_(sm) ^(magmh)(n)>θ, a transient has been detected. Thethreshold θ can be fine-tuned to detect the desired amount oftransients. For example, θ=2 can be used. The detected frame is notdirectly selected to be the transient frame. Instead, the local energymaximum is searched from the surrounding of it. In the currentimplementation the selected interval is [n−2,n+7]. The temporal framewith the maximum energy inside this interval is selected to be thetransient.

In theory, the vertical correction mode could also be applied fortransients. However, in the case of transients, the phase spectrum ofthe baseband often does not reflect the high frequencies. This can leadto pre- and post-echoes in the processed signal. Thus, slightly modifiedprocessing is suggested for the transients.

The average PDF of the transient at high frequencies is computed

X _(avghi) ^(pdf)(n)=circmean{X ^(pdf)(k,n)},−11≦k≦36.  (33)

The phase spectrum for the transient frame is synthesized using thisconstant phase change as in Eq. 24, but X_(avg) ^(pdf)(n) is replaced byX_(avghi) ^(pdf)(n). The same correction is applied to the temporalframes within the interval [n−2,n+2] (π is added to the PDF of theframes n−1 and n+1 due to the properties of the QMF, see Section 6).This correction already produces a transient to a suitable position, butthe shape of the transient is not necessarily as desired, andsignificant side lobes (i.e., additional transients) can be present dueto the considerable temporal overlap of the QMF frames. Hence, theabsolute phase angle has to be correct, too. The absolute angle iscorrected by computing the mean error between the synthesized and theoriginal phase spectrum. The correction is performed separately for eachtemporal frame of the transient.

The result of the transient correction is presented in FIG. 46. A phasederivative over time X^(pdt)(k,n) of the violin+clap signal in the QMFdomain using the phase corrected SBR is shown. FIG. 47b shows thecorresponding phase derivative over frequency X^(pdf)(k,n). Again, thecolor gradient indicates phase values from red=π to blue=−π. It can beperceived that the phase-corrected clap has the same sharpness as theoriginal signal, although the difference compared to the direct copy-upis not large. Hence, the transient correction need not necessarily beperformed in all cases when only the direct copy-up is enabled. On thecontrary, if the PDT correction is enabled, it is important to havetransient handling, as the PDT correction would otherwise severely smearthe transients.

9 COMPRESSION OF THE CORRECTION DATA

Section 8 showed that the phase errors can be corrected, but theadequate bit rate for the correction was not considered at all. Thissection suggests methods how to represent the correction data with lowbit rate.

9.1 Compression of the PDT Correction Data—Creating the Target Spectrumfor the Horizontal Correction

There are many possible parameters that could be transmitted to enablethe PDT correction. However, since D_(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n) is smoothened overtime, it is a potential candidate for low-bit-rate transmission.

First, an adequate update rate for the parameters is discussed. Thevalue was updated only for every N frames and linearly interpolated inbetween. The update interval for good quality is about 40 ms. Forcertain signals a bit less is advantageous and for others a bit more.Formal listening tests would be useful for assessing an optimal updaterate. Nevertheless, a relatively long update interval appear to beacceptable.

An adequate angular accuracy for D_(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n) was also studied. 6bits (64 possible angle values) is enough for perceptually good quality.Furthermore, transmitting only the change in the value was tested. Oftenthe values appear to change only a little, so uneven quantization can beapplied to have more accuracy for small changes. Using this approach, 4bits (16 possible angle values) was found to provide good quality.

The last thing to consider is an adequate spectral accuracy. As can beseen in FIG. 17, many frequency bands seem to share roughly the samevalue. Thus, one value could probably be used to represent severalfrequency bands. In addition, at high frequencies there are multipleharmonics inside one frequency band, so less accuracy is probablyneeded. Nevertheless, another, potentially better, approach was found,so these options were not thoroughly investigated. The suggested, moreeffective, approach is discussed in

the following.

9.1.1 Using Frequency Estimation for Compressing PDT Correction Data

As discussed in Section 5, the phase derivative over time basicallymeans the frequency of the produced sinusoid. The PDTs of the applied64-band complex QMF can be transformed to frequencies using thefollowing equation

$\begin{matrix}{{X^{freq}\left( {k,n} \right)} = {\frac{fs}{64}{{{\frac{\left( {k - 1.5} \right)}{2} + \left( {\left\lbrack {\left( {\frac{X^{pdt}\left( {k,n} \right)}{2\pi}{mod}\; 1} \right) + \frac{\left( {- 1} \right)^{k}}{4} + \frac{1}{2}} \right\rbrack {mod}\; 1} \right)}}.}}} & (34)\end{matrix}$

The produced frequencies are inside the intervalf_(inter)(k)=[f_(c)(k)−f_(BW),f_(c)(k)+f_(BW)], where f_(c)(k) is thecenter frequency of the frequency band k and f_(BW) is 375 Hz. Theresult is shown in FIG. 47 in a time-frequency representation of thefrequencies of the QMF bands X^(freq)(k,n) for the violin signal. It canbe seen that the frequencies seem to follow the multiples of thefundamental frequency of the tone and the harmonics are thus spaced infrequency by the fundamental frequency. In addition, vibrato seems tocause frequency modulation.

The same plot can be applied to the direct copy-up Z^(freq)(k,n) and thecorrected Z_(ch) ^(freq)(k,n) SBR (see FIG. 48a and FIG. 48b ,respectively). FIG. 48a shows a time-frequency representation of thefrequencies of the QMF bands of the direct copy-up SBR signalZ^(freq)(k,n) compared to the original signal X^(freq)(k,n), shown inFIG. 47. FIG. 48b shows the corresponding plot for the corrected SBRsignal Z_(ch) ^(freq)(k,n). In the plots of FIG. 48a and FIG. 48b , theoriginal signal is drawn in a blue color, wherein the direct copy-up SBRand the corrected SBR signals are drawn in red. The inharmonicity of thedirect copy-up SBR can be seen in the figure, especially in thebeginning and the end of the sample. In addition, it can be seen thatthe frequency-modulation depth is clearly smaller than that of theoriginal signal. On the contrary, in the case of the corrected SBR, thefrequencies of the harmonics seem to follow the frequencies of theoriginal signal. In addition, the modulation depth appears to becorrect. Thus, this plot seems to confirm the validity of the suggestedcorrection method. Therefore, it is concentrated on the actualcompression of the correction data next.

Since the frequencies of X^(freq)(k,n) are spaced by the same amount,the frequencies of all frequency bands can be approximated if thespacing between the frequencies is estimated and transmitted. In thecase of harmonic signals, the spacing should be equal to the fundamentalfrequency of the tone. Thus, only a single value has to be transmittedfor representing all frequency bands. In the case of more irregularsignals, more values are needed for describing the harmonic behavior.For example, the spacing of the harmonics slightly increases in the caseof a piano tone [14]. For simplicity, it is assumed in the followingthat the harmonics are spaced by the same amount. Nonetheless, this doesnot limit the generality of the described audio processing.

Thus, the fundamental frequency of the tone is estimated for estimatingthe frequencies of the harmonics. The estimation of fundamentalfrequency is a widely studied topic (e.g., see [14]). Therefore, asimple estimation method was implemented to generate data used forfurther processing steps. The method basically computes the spacings ofthe harmonics, and combines the result according to some heuristics (howmuch energy, how stable is the value over frequency and time, etc.). Inany case, the result is a fundamental-frequency estimate for eachtemporal frame X^(f) ⁰ (n). In other words, the phase derivative overtime relates to the frequency of the corresponding QMF bin. In addition,the artifacts related to errors in the PDT are perceivable mostly withharmonic signals. Thus, it is suggested that the target PDT (see Eq.16a) can be estimated using the estimation of the fundamental frequencyf₀. The estimation of a fundamental frequency is a widely studied topic,and there are many robust methods available for obtaining reliableestimates of the fundamental frequency.

Here, the fundamental frequency X^(f) ⁰ (n), as known to the decoderprior to performing BWE and employing the inventive phase correctionwithin BWE, is assumed. Therefore, it is advantageous that the encodingstage transmits the estimated fundamental frequency X^(f) ⁰ (n). Inaddition, for improved coding efficiency, the value can be updated onlyfor, e.g., every 20^(th) temporal frame (corresponding to an interval of−27 ms), and interpolated in between.

Alternatively, the fundamental frequency could be estimated in thedecoding stage, and no information has to be transmitted. However,better estimates can be expected if the estimation is performed with theoriginal signal in the encoding stage.

The decoder processing begins by obtaining a fundamental-frequencyestimate X^(f) ⁰ (n) for each temporal frame.

The frequencies of the harmonics can be obtained by multiplying it withan index vector

∀K ∃

:X ^(harm)(K ,n)=K ·X ^(f) ⁰ (n)  (35)

The result is depicted in FIG. 49. FIG. 49 shows a time frequencyrepresentation of the estimated frequencies of the harmonicsX^(harm)(K,n) compared to the frequencies of the QMF bands of theoriginal signal X^(freq)(k,n). Again, blue indicates the original signaland red the estimated signal. The frequencies of the estimated harmonicsmatch the original signal quite well. These frequencies can be thoughtas the ‘allowed’ frequencies. If the algorithm produces thesefrequencies, inharmonicity related artifacts should be avoided.

The transmitted parameter of the algorithm is the fundamental frequencyX^(f) ⁰ (n). For improved coding efficiency, the value is updated onlyfor every 20th temporal frame (i.e., every 27 ms). This value appears toprovide good perceptual quality based on informal listening. However,formal listening tests are useful for assessing a more optimal value forthe update rate.

The next step of the algorithm is to find a suitable value for eachfrequency band. This is performed by selecting the value ofX^(harm)(K,n) which is closest to the center frequency of each bandf_(c)(k) to reflect that band. If the closest value is outside thepossible values of the frequency band (f_(inter)(k)), the border valueof the band is used. The resulting matrix X_(eh) ^(freq)(k,n) contains afrequency for each time-frequency tile.

The final step of the correction-data compression algorithm is toconvert the frequency data back to the PDT data

$\begin{matrix}{{{X_{eh}^{pdt}\left( {k,n} \right)} = {2{\pi \cdot \left( {\frac{64 \cdot {X_{estim}^{freq}\left( {k,n} \right)}}{fs}{mod}\; 1} \right)}}},} & (36)\end{matrix}$

where mod( ) denotes the modulo operator. The actual correctionalgorithm works as presented in Section 8.1. Z_(th) ^(pdt)(k,n) in Eq.16a is replaced by X_(ch) ^(pdt)(k,n) as the target PDT, and Eqs. 17-19are used as in Section 8.1. The result of the correction algorithm withcompressed correction data is shown in FIG. 50. FIG. 50 shows the errorin the PDT D_(sm) ^(pdt)(k,n) of the violin signal in the QMF domain ofthe corrected SBR with compressed correction data. FIG. 50b shows thecorresponding phase derivative over time Z_(ch) ^(pdt)(k,n). The colorgradients indicates values from red=π to blue=−π. The PDT values followthe PDT values of the original signal with similar accuracy as thecorrection method without the data compression (see FIG. 18). Thus, thecompression algorithm is valid. The perceived quality with and withoutthe compression of the correction data is similar.

Embodiments use more accuracy for low frequencies and less for highfrequencies, using the total of 12 bits for each value. The resultingbit rate is about 0.5 kbps (without any compression, such as entropycoding). This accuracy produces equal perceived quality as noquantization. However, significantly lower bit rate can probably be usedin many cases producing good enough perceived quality.

One option for low-bit-rate schemes is to estimate the fundamentalfrequency in the decoding phase using the transmitted signal. In thiscase no values have to be transmitted. Another option is to estimate thefundamental frequency using the transmitted signal, compare it to theestimate obtained using the broadband signal, and to transmit only thedifference. It can be assumed that this difference could be representedusing very low bit rate.

9.2 Compression of the PDF Correction Data

As discussed in Section 8.2, the adequate data for the PDF correction isthe average phase error of the first frequency patch D_(avg) ^(pha)(n).The correction can be performed for all frequency patches with theknowledge of this value, so the transmission of only one value for eachtemporal frame may be used. However, transmitting even a single valuefor each temporal frame can yield too high a bit rate.

Inspecting FIG. 12 for the trombone, it can be seen that the PDF has arelatively constant value over frequency, and the same value is presentfor a few temporal frames. The value is constant over time as long asthe same transient is dominating the energy of the QMF analysis window.When a new transient starts to be dominant, a new value is present. Theangle change between these PDF values appears to be the same from onetransient to another. This makes sense, since the PDF is controlling thetemporal location of the transient, and if the signal has a constantfundamental frequency, the spacing between the transients should beconstant.

Hence, the PDF (or the location of a transient) can be transmitted onlysparsely in time, and the PDF behavior in between these time instantscould be estimated using the knowledge of the fundamental frequency. ThePDF correction can be performed using this information. This idea isactually dual to the PDT correction, where the frequencies of theharmonics are assumed to be equally spaced. Here, the same idea is used,but instead, the temporal locations of the transients are assumed to beequally spaced. A method is suggested in the following that is based ondetecting the positions of the peaks in the waveform, and using thisinformation, a reference spectrum is created for phase correction.

9.2.1 Using Peak Detection for Compressing PDF Correction Data—Creatingthe Target Spectrum for the Vertical Correction

The positions of the peaks have to be estimated for performingsuccessful PDF correction. One solution would be to compute thepositions of the peaks using the PDF value, similarly as in Eq. 34, andto estimate the positions of the peaks in between using the estimatedfundamental frequency. However, this approach would involve a relativelystable fundamental-frequency estimation. Embodiments show a simple, fastto implement, alternative method, which shows that the suggestedcompression approach is possible.

A time-domain representation of the trombone signal is shown in FIG. 51.FIG. 51a shows the waveform of the trombone signal in a time domainrepresentation. FIG. 51b shows a corresponding time domain signal thatcontains only the estimated peaks, wherein the positions of the peakshave been obtained using the transmitted metadata. The signal in FIG. 51b is the pulse train 265 described, e.g. with respect to FIG. 30. Thealgorithm starts by analyzing the positions of the peaks in thewaveform. This is performed by searching for local maxima. For each 27ms (i.e., for each 20 QMF frames), the location of the peak closest tothe center point of the frame is transmitted. In between the transmittedpeak locations, the peaks are assumed to be evenly spaced in time. Thus,by knowing the fundamental frequency, the locations of the peaks can beestimated. In this embodiment, the number of the detected peaks istransmitted (it should be noted that this involves successful detectionof all peaks; fundamental-frequency based estimation would probablyyield more robust results). The resulting bit rate is about 0.5 kbps(without any compression, such as entropy coding), which consists oftransmitting the location of the peak for every 27 ms using 9 bits andtransmitting the number of transients in between using 4 bits. Thisaccuracy was found to produce equal perceived quality as noquantization. However, a significantly lower bit rate can probably beused in many cases producing good enough perceived quality.

Using the transmitted metadata, a time-domain signal is created, whichconsists of impulses in the positions of the estimated peaks (see FIG.51b ). QMF analysis is performed for this signal, and the phase spectrumX_(ev) ^(pha)(k,n) is computed. The actual PDF correction is performedotherwise as suggested in Section 8.2, but Z_(th) ^(pha)(k,n) in Eq. 20ais replaced by X_(ev) ^(pha)(k,n).

The waveform of signals having vertical phase coherence is typicallypeaky and reminiscent of a pulse train. Thus, it is suggested that thetarget phase spectrum for the vertical correction can be estimated bymodeling it as the phase spectrum of a pulse train that has peaks atcorresponding positions and a corresponding fundamental frequency.

The position closest to the center of the temporal frame is transmittedfor, e.g., every 20^(th) temporal frame (corresponding to an interval of−27 ms). The estimated fundamental frequency, which is transmitted withequal rate, is used to interpolate the peak positions in between thetransmitted positions.

Alternatively, the fundamental frequency and the peak positions could beestimated in the decoding stage, and no information has to betransmitted. However, better estimates can be expected if the estimationis performed with the original signal in the encoding stage.

The decoder processing begins by obtaining a fundamental-frequencyestimate X^(f) ⁰ (n) for each temporal frame and, in addition, the peakpositions in the waveform are estimated. The peak positions are used tocreate a time-domain signal that consists of impulses at thesepositions. QMF analysis is used to create the corresponding phasespectrum X_(ev) ^(pha)(k,n). This estimated phase spectrum can be usedin Eq. 20a as the target phase spectrum

Z _(tv) ^(pha)(k,n)=X _(ev) ^(pha)(k,n).  (37)

The suggested method uses the encoding stage to transmit only theestimated peak positions and the fundamental frequencies with the updaterate of, e.g., 27 ms. In addition, it should be noted that errors in thevertical phase derivate are perceivable only when the fundamentalfrequency is relatively low. Thus, the fundamental frequency can betransmitted with a relatively low bit rate.

The result of the correction algorithm with compressed correction datais shown in FIG. 52. FIG. 52a shows the error in the phase spectrumD_(cv) ^(pha)(k,n) of the trombone signal in the QMF domain withcorrected SBR and compressed correction data. Accordingly, FIG. 52bshows the corresponding phase derivative over frequency Z_(cv)^(pdf)(k,n). The color gradient indicates values from red=π to blue=−π.The PDF values follow the PDF values of the original signal with similaraccuracy as the correction method without the data compression (see FIG.13). Thus, the compression algorithm is valid. The perceived qualitywith and without the compression of the correction data is similar.

9.3 Compression of the Transient Handling Data

As transients can be assumed to be relatively sparse, it can be assumedthat this data could be directly transmitted. Embodiments showtransmitting six values per transient: one value for the average PDF,and five values for the errors in the absolute phase angle (one valuefor each temporal frame inside the interval [n−2,n+2]). An alternativeis to transmit the position of the transient (i.e. one value) and toestimate the target phase spectrum X_(et) ^(pha)(k,n) as in the case ofthe vertical correction.

If the bit rate needed to be compressed for the transients, similarapproach could be used as for the PDF correction (see Section 9.2).Simply the position of the transient could be transmitted, i.e., asingle value. The target phase spectrum and the target PDF could beobtained using this location value as in Section 9.2.

Alternatively, the transient position could be estimated in the decodingstage and no information has to be transmitted. However, betterestimates can be expected if the estimation is performed with theoriginal signal in the encoding stage.

All of the previously described embodiments may be seen separately fromthe other embodiments or in a combination of embodiments. Therefore,FIGS. 53 to 57 present an encoder and a decoder combining some of theearlier described embodiments.

FIG. 53 shows an decoder 110″ for decoding an audio signal. The decoder110″ comprises a first target spectrum generator 65 a, a first phasecorrector 70 a and an audio subband signal calculator 350. The firsttarget spectrum generator 65 a, also referred to as target phase measuredeterminer, generates a target spectrum 85 a″ for a first time frame ofa subband signal of the audio signal 32 using first correction data 295a. The first phase corrector 70 a corrects a phase 45 of the subbandsignal in the first time frame of the audio signal 32 determined with aphase correction algorithm, wherein the correction is performed byreducing a difference between a measure of the subband signal in thefirst time frame of the audio signal 32 and the target spectrum 85″. Theaudio subband signal calculator 350 calculates the audio subband signal355 for the first time frame using a corrected phase 91 a for the timeframe. Alternatively, the audio subband signal calculator 350 calculatesaudio subband signal 355 for a second time frame different from thefirst time frame using the measure of the subband signal 85 a″ in thesecond time frame or using a corrected phase calculation in accordancewith a further phase correction algorithm different from the phasecorrection algorithm. FIG. 53 further shows an analyzer 360 whichoptionally analyzes the audio signal 32 with respect to a magnitude 47and a phase 45. The further phase correction algorithm may be performedin a second phase corrector 70 b or a third phase corrector 70 c. Thesefurther phase correctors will be illustrated with respect to FIG. 54.The audio subband signal calculator 250 calculates the audio subbandsignal for the first time frame using the corrected phase 91 for thefirst time frame and the magnitude value 47 of the audio subband signalof the first time frame, wherein the magnitude value 47 is a magnitudeof the audio signal 32, in the first time frame or a processed magnitudeof the audio signal 35 in the first time frame.

FIG. 54 shows a further embodiment of the decoder 110″. Therefore, thedecoder 110″ comprises a second target spectrum generator 65 b, whereinthe second target spectrum generator 65 b generates a target spectrum 85b″ for the second time frame of the subband of the audio signal 32 usingsecond correction data 295 b. The detector 110″ additionally comprises asecond phase corrector 70 b for correcting a phase 45 of the subband inthe time frame of the audio signal 32 determined with a second phasecorrection algorithm, wherein the correction is performed by reducing adifference between a measure of the time frame of the subband of theaudio signal and the target spectrum 85 b″.

Accordingly, the decoder 110″ comprises a third target spectrumgenerator 65 c, wherein the third target spectrum generator 65 cgenerates a target spectrum for a third time frame of the subband of theaudio signal 32 using third correction data 295 c. Furthermore, thedecoder 110″ comprises a third phase corrector 70 c for correcting aphase 45 of the subband signal and the time frame of the audio signal 32determined with a third phase correction algorithm, wherein thecorrection is performed by reducing a difference between a measure ofthe time frame of the subband of the audio signal and the targetspectrum 85 c. The audio subband signal calculator 350 can calculate theaudio subband signal for a third time frame different from the first andthe second time frames using the phase correction of the third phasecorrector.

According to an embodiment, the first phase corrector 70 a is configuredfor storing a phase corrected subband signal 91 a of a previous timeframe of the audio signal or for receiving a phase corrected subbandsignal of the previous time frame 375 of the audio signal from a secondphase corrector 70 b of the third phase corrector 70 c. Furthermore, thefirst phase corrector 70 a corrects the phase 45 of the audio signal 32in a current time frame of the audio subband signal based on the storedor the received phase corrected subband signal of the previous timeframe 91 a, 375.

Further embodiments show the first phase corrector 70 a performing ahorizontal phase correction, the second phase corrector 70 b performinga vertical phase correction, and the third phase corrector 70 cperforming a phase correction for transients.

From another point of view, FIG. 54 shows a block diagram of thedecoding stage in the phase correction algorithm. The input to theprocessing is the BWE signal in the time-frequency domain and themetadata. Again, in practical applications it is advantageous for theinventive phase-derivative correction to co-use the filter bank ortransform of an existing BWE scheme. In the current example this is aQMF domain as used in SBR. A first demultiplexer (not depicted) extractsthe phase-derivative correction data from the bitstream of the BWEequipped perceptual codec that is being enhanced by the inventivecorrection.

A second demultiplexer 130 (DEMUX) first divides the received metadata135 into activation data 365 and correction data 295 a-c for thedifferent correction modes. Based on the activation data, thecomputation of the target spectrum is activated for the right correctionmode (others can be idle). Using the target spectrum, the phasecorrection is performed to the received BWE signal using the desiredcorrection mode. It should be noted that as the horizontal correction 70a is performed recursively (in other words: dependent on previous signalframes), it receives the previous correction matrices also from othercorrection modes 70 b, c. Finally, the corrected signal, or theunprocessed one, is set to the output based on the activation data.

After having corrected the phase data, the underlying BWE synthesisfurther downstream is continued, in the case of the current example theSBR synthesis. Variations might exist where exactly the phase correctionis inserted into the BWE synthesis signal flow. Advantageously, thephase-derivative correction is done as an initial adjustment on the rawspectral patches having phases Z^(pha)(k,n) and all additional BWEprocessing or adjustment steps (in SBR this can be noise addition,inverse filtering, missing sinusoids, etc.) are executed furtherdownstream on the corrected phases Z_(c) ^(pha)(k,n).

FIG. 55 shows a further embodiment of the decoder 110″. According tothis embodiment, the decoder 110″ comprises a core decoder 115, apatcher 120, a synthesizer 100 and the block A, which is the decoder110″ according to the previous embodiments shown in FIG. 54. The coredecoder 115 is configured for decoding the audio signal 25 in a timeframe with a reduced number of subbands with respect to the audio signal55. The patcher 120 patches a set of subbands of the core decoded audiosignal 25 with a reduced number of subbands, wherein the set of subbandsforms a first patch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacent tothe reduced number of subbands, to obtain an audio signal 32 with aregular number of subbands. The magnitude processor 125′ processesmagnitude values of the audio subband signal 355 in the time frame.According to the previous decoders 110 and 110′, the magnitude processormay be the bandwidth extension parameter applicator 125.

Many other embodiments can be thought of where the signal processorblocks are switched. For example, the magnitude processor 125′ and theblock A may be swapped. Therefore, the block A works on thereconstructed audio signal 35, where the magnitude values of the patcheshave already been corrected. Alternatively, the audio subband signalcalculator 350 may be located after the magnitude processor 125′ inorder to form the corrected audio signal 355 from the phase correctedand the magnitude corrected part of the audio signal.

Furthermore, the decoder 110″ comprises a synthesizer 100 forsynthesizing the phase and magnitude corrected audio signal to obtainthe frequency combined processed audio signal 90. Optionally, sinceneither the magnitude nor the phase correction is applied on the coredecoded audio signal 25, said audio signal may be transmitted directlyto the synthesizer 100. Any optional processing block applied in one ofthe previously described decoders 110 or 110′ may be applied in thedecoder 110″ as well.

FIG. 56 shows an encoder 155″ for encoding an audio signal 55. Theencoder 155″ comprises a phase determiner 380 connected to a calculator270, a core encoder 160, a parameter extractor 165, and an output signalformer 170. The phase determiner 380 determines a phase 45 of the audiosignal 55 wherein the calculator 270 determines phase correction data295 for the audio signal 55 based on the determined phase 45 of theaudio signal 55. The core encoder 160 core encodes the audio signal 55to obtain a core encoded audio signal 145 having a reduced number ofsubbands with respect to the audio signal 55. The parameter extractor165 extracts parameters 190 from the audio signal 55 for obtaining a lowresolution parameter representation for a second set of subbands notincluded in the core encoded audio signal. The output signal former 170forms the output signal 135 comprising the parameters 190, the coreencoded audio signal 145 and the phase correction data 295′. Optionally,the encoder 155″ comprises a low pass filter 180 before core encodingthe audio signal 55 and a high pass filter 185 before extracting theparameters 190 from the audio signal 55. Alternatively, instead of lowor high pass filtering the audio signal 55, a gap filling algorithm maybe used, wherein the core encoder 160 core encodes a reduced number ofsubbands, wherein at least one subband within the set of subbands is notcore encoded. Furthermore, the parameter extractor extracts parameters190 from the at least one subband not encoded with the core encoder 160.

According to embodiments, the calculator 270 comprises a set ofcorrection data calculators 285 a-c for correcting the phase correctionin accordance with a first variation mode, a second variation mode, or athird variation mode. Furthermore, the calculator 270 determinesactivation data 365 for activating one correction data calculator of theset of correction data calculators 285 a-c. The output signal former 170forms the output signal comprising the activation data, the parameters,the core encoded audio signal, and the phase correction data.

FIG. 57 shows an alternative implementation of the calculator 270 whichmay be used in the encoder 155″ shown in FIG. 56. The correction modecalculator 385 comprises the variation determiner 275 and the variationcomparator 280. The activation data 365 is the result of comparingdifferent variations. Furthermore, the activation data 365 activates oneof the correction data calculators 185 a-c according to the determinedvariation. The calculated correction data 295 a, 295 b, or 295 c may bethe input of the output signal former 170 of the encoder 155″ andtherefore part of the output signal 135.

Embodiments show the calculator 270 comprising a metadata former 390,which forms a metadata stream 295′ comprising the calculated correctiondata 295 a, 295 b, or 295 c and the activation data 365. The activationdata 365 may be transmitted to the decoder if the correction data itselfdoes not comprise sufficient information of the current correction mode.Sufficient information may be for example a number of bits used torepresent the correction data, which is different for the correctiondata 295 a, the correction data 295 b, and the correction data 295 c.Furthermore, the output signal former 170 may additionally use theactivation data 365, such that the metadata former 390 can be neglected.

From another point of view, the block diagram of FIG. 57 shows theencoding stage in the phase correction algorithm. The input to theprocessing is the original audio signal 55 and the time-frequencydomain. In practical applications, it is advantageous for the inventivephase-derivative correction to co-use the filter bank or transform of anexisting BWE scheme. In the current example, this is a QMF domain usedin SBR.

The correction-mode-computation block first computes the correction modethat is applied for each temporal frame. Based on the activation data365, correction-data 295 a-c computation is activated in the rightcorrection mode (others can be idle). Finally, multiplexer (MUX)combines the activation data and the correction data from the differentcorrection modes.

A further multiplexer (not depicted) merges the phase-derivativecorrection data into the bit stream of the BWE and the perceptualencoder that is being enhanced by the inventive correction.

FIG. 58 shows a method 5800 for decoding an audio signal. The method5800 comprises a step 5805 “generating a target spectrum for a firsttime frame of a subband signal of the audio signal with a first targetspectrum generator using first correction data”, a step 5810 “correctinga phase of the subband signal in the first time frame of the audiosignal with a first phase corrector determined with a phase correctionalgorithm, wherein the correction is performed by reducing a differencebetween a measure of the subband signal in the first time frame of theaudio signal and the target spectrum, and a step 5815 “calculating theaudio subband signal for the first time frame with an audio subbandsignal calculator using a corrected phase of the time frame and forcalculating audio subband signals for a second time frame different fromthe first time frame using the measure of the subband signal in thesecond time frame or using a corrected phase calculation in accordancewith a further phase correction algorithm different from the phasecorrection algorithm”.

FIG. 59 shows a method 5900 for encoding an audio signal. The method5900 comprises a step 5905 “determining a phase of the audio signal witha phase determiner”, a step 5910 “determining phase correction data foran audio signal with a calculator based on the determined phase of theaudio signal”, a step 5915 “core encoding the audio signal with a coreencoder to obtain a core encoded audio signal having a reduced number ofsubbands with respect to the audio signal”, a step 5920 “extractingparameters from the audio signal with a parameter extractor forobtaining a low resolution parameter representation for a second set ofsubbands not included in the core encoded audio signal”, and a step 5925“forming an output signal with an output signal former comprising theparameters, the core encoded audio signal, and the phase correctiondata”.

The methods 5800 and 5900 as well as the previously described methods2300, 2400, 2500, 3400, 3500, 3600 and 4200, may be implemented in acomputer program to be performed on a computer.

It has to be noted that the audio signal 55 is used as a general termfor an audio signal, especially for the original i.e. unprocessed audiosignal, the transmitted part of the audio signal X_(trans)(k,n) 25, thebaseband signal X_(base)(k,n) 30, the processed audio signal comprisinghigher frequencies 32 when compared to the original audio signal, thereconstructed audio signal 35, the magnitude corrected frequency patchY(k,n,i) 40, the phase 45 of the audio signal, or the magnitude 47 ofthe audio signal. Therefore, the different audio signals may be mutuallyexchanged due to the context of the embodiment.

Alternative embodiments relate to different filter bank or transformdomains used for the inventive time-frequency processing, for examplethe short time Fourier transform (STFT) a Complex Modified DiscreteCosine Transform (CMDCT), or a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) domain.Therefore, specific phase properties related to the transform may betaken into consideration. In detail, if e.g. copy-up coefficients arecopied from an even number to an odd number or vice versa, i.e. thesecond subband of the original audio signal is copied to the ninthsubband instead of the eighth subband as described in the embodiments,the conjugate complex of the patch may be used for the processing. Thesame applies to a mirroring of the patches instead of using e.g. thecopy-up algorithm, to overcome the reversed order of the phase angleswithin a patch.

Other embodiments might resign side information from the encoder andestimate some or all useful correction parameters on decoder site.Further embodiments might have other underlying BWE patching schemesthat for example use different baseband portions, a different number orsize of patches or different transposition techniques, for examplespectral mirroring or single side band modulation (SSB). Variationsmight also exist where exactly the phase correction is concerted intothe BWE synthesis signal flow. Furthermore, the smoothing is performedusing a sliding Hann window, which may be replaced for bettercomputational efficiency by, e.g. a first-order IIR.

The use of state of the art perceptual audio codecs often impairs thephase coherence of the spectral components of an audio signal,especially at low bit rates, where parametric coding techniques likebandwidth extension are applied. This leads to an alteration of thephase derivative of the audio signal. However, in certain signal typesthe preservation of the phase derivative is important. As a result, theperceptual quality of such sounds is impaired. The present inventionreadjusts the phase derivative either over frequency (“vertical”) orover time (“horizontal”) of such signals if a restoration of the phasederivative is perceptually beneficial. Further, a decision is madewhether adjusting the vertical or horizontal phase derivative isperceptually advantageous. The transmission of only very compact sideinformation is needed to control the phase derivative correctionprocessing. Therefore, the invention improves sound quality ofperceptual audio coders at moderate side information costs.

In other words, spectral band replication (SBR) can cause errors in thephase spectrum. The human perception of these errors was studiedrevealing two perceptually significant effects: differences in thefrequencies and the temporal positions of the harmonics. The frequencyerrors appear to be perceivable only when the fundamental frequency ishigh enough that there is only one harmonic inside an ERB band.Correspondingly, the temporal-position errors appear to be perceivableonly if the fundamental frequency is low and if the phases of theharmonics are aligned over frequency.

The frequency errors can be detected by computing the phase derivativeover time (PDT). If the PDT values are stable over time, differences inthem between the SBR-processed and the original signals should becorrected. This effectively corrects the frequencies of the harmonics,and thus, the perception of inharmonicity is avoided.

The temporal-position errors can be detected by computing the phasederivative over frequency (PDF). If the PDF values are stable overfrequency, differences in them between the SBR-processed and theoriginal signals should be corrected. This effectively corrects thetemporal positions of the harmonics, and thus, the perception ofmodulating noises at the cross-over frequencies is avoided.

Although the present invention has been described in the context ofblock diagrams where the blocks represent actual or logical hardwarecomponents, the present invention can also be implemented by acomputer-implemented method. In the latter case, the blocks representcorresponding method steps where these steps stand for thefunctionalities performed by corresponding logical or physical hardwareblocks.

Although some aspects have been described in the context of anapparatus, it is clear that these aspects also represent a descriptionof the corresponding method, where a block or device corresponds to amethod step or a feature of a method step. Analogously, aspectsdescribed in the context of a method step also represent a descriptionof a corresponding block or item or feature of a correspondingapparatus. Some or all of the method steps may be executed by (or using)a hardware apparatus, like for example, a microprocessor, a programmablecomputer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some one or moreof the most important method steps may be executed by such an apparatus.

The inventive transmitted or encoded signal can be stored on a digitalstorage medium or can be transmitted on a transmission medium such as awireless transmission medium or a wired transmission medium such as theInternet.

Depending on certain implementation requirements, embodiments of theinvention can be implemented in hardware or in software. Theimplementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, forexample a floppy disc, a DVD, a Blu-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, and EPROM,an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, having electronically readable controlsignals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating)with a programmable computer system such that the respective method isperformed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computerreadable.

Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrierhaving electronically readable control signals, which are capable ofcooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of themethods described herein is performed.

Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as acomputer program product with a program code, the program code beingoperative for performing one of the methods when the computer programproduct runs on a computer. The program code may, for example, be storedon a machine readable carrier.

Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier.

In other words, an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, acomputer program having a program code for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.

A further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a datacarrier (or a non-transitory storage medium such as a digital storagemedium, or a computer-readable medium) comprising, recorded thereon, thecomputer program for performing one of the methods described herein. Thedata carrier, the digital storage medium or the recorded medium aretypically tangible and/or non-transitory.

A further embodiment of the invention method is, therefore, a datastream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program forperforming one of the methods described herein. The data stream or thesequence of signals may, for example, be configured to be transferredvia a data communication connection, for example, via the internet.

A further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example, acomputer or a programmable logic device, configured to, or adapted to,perform one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon thecomputer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment according to the invention comprises an apparatusor a system configured to transfer (for example, electronically oroptically) a computer program for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein to a receiver. The receiver may, for example, be acomputer, a mobile device, a memory device or the like. The apparatus orsystem may, for example, comprise a file server for transferring thecomputer program to the receiver.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example, a fieldprogrammable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of thefunctionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, afield programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor inorder to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, themethods are advantageousy performed by any hardware apparatus.

While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments,there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall withinthe scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are manyalternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of thepresent invention. It is therefore intended that the following appendedclaims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutationsand equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the presentinvention.

REFERENCES

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1. An audio processor for processing an audio signal, the audioprocessor comprising: a target phase measure determiner for determininga target phase measure for the audio signal in a time frame; a phaseerror calculator for calculating a phase error using a phase of theaudio signal in the time frame and the target phase measure; and a phasecorrector configured for correcting the phase of the audio signal in thetime frame using the phase error.
 2. The audio processor according toclaim 1, wherein the audio signal comprises a plurality of subbands forthe time frame; wherein the target phase measure determiner isconfigured for determining a first target phase measure for a firstsubband signal and a second target phase measure for a second subbandsignal; wherein the phase error calculator is configured for forming avector of phase errors, wherein a first element of the vector refers toa first deviation of the phase of the first subband signal and the firsttarget phase measure and wherein a second element of the vector refersto a second deviation of the phase of the second subband signal and thesecond target phase measure; comprising an audio signal synthesizer forsynthesizing a corrected audio signal using a corrected first subbandsignal and a corrected second subband signal.
 3. The audio processoraccording to claim 1, wherein a plurality of subbands is grouped into abaseband and a set of frequency patches, the baseband comprising onesubband of the audio signal and the set of frequency patches, comprisingthe at least one subband of the baseband at a frequency higher than thefrequency of the at least one subband in the baseband; wherein the phaseerror calculator is configured for calculating a mean of elements of avector of phase errors referring to a first patch of the set offrequency patches to achieve an average phase error; wherein the phasecorrector is configured for correcting a phase of the subband signals inthe first and subsequent frequency patches of the set of frequencypatches using a weighted average phase error, wherein the average phaseerror is weighted according to an index of the frequency patch toachieve a modified patch signal.
 4. The audio processor according toclaim 1, comprising: an audio signal phase derivative calculatorconfigured for calculating a mean of phase derivatives over frequency(PDF) for a baseband; the phase corrector configured for calculating afurther modified patch signal with an optimized first frequency patch byadding the mean of the phase derivatives over frequency, weighted by acurrent subband index, to the phase of the subband signal with a highestsubband index in a baseband of the audio signal.
 5. The audio processoraccording to claim 1, comprising: an audio signal phase derivativecalculator configured for calculating a mean of phase derivatives overfrequency (PDF) for a plurality of subband signals comprising higherfrequencies than the baseband signal to detect transients in the subbandsignal; the phase corrector configured for calculating a furthermodified patch signal with an optimized first frequency patch by addingthe mean of the phase derivatives over frequency, weighted by a currentsubband index, to the phase of the subband signal with a highest subbandindex in a baseband of the audio signal.
 6. The audio processoraccording to claim 4, wherein the phase corrector is configured forrecursively updating, based on the frequency patches, the furthermodified patch signal by adding the mean of the phase derivatives overfrequency, weighted by the subband index of the current subband, to thephase of the subband signal with the highest subband index in theprevious frequency patch.
 7. The audio processor according to claim 6,wherein the phase corrector is configured for calculating a weightedmean of the modified patch signal and the further modified patch signalto achieve a combined modified patch signal; wherein the phase correctoris configured for recursively updating, based on the frequency patches,the combined modified patch signal by adding the mean of the phasederivatives over frequency, weighted by the subband index of the currentsubband, to the phase of the subband signal with the highest subbandindex in the previous frequency patch of the combined modified patchsignal.
 8. The audio processor according to claim 1, wherein the phasecorrector is configured to calculate a weighted mean of a patch signaland a modified patch signal using a circular mean of the patch signal inthe current frequency patch weighted with a first specific weightingfunction and the modified patch signal in the current frequency patchweighted with a second specific weighting function.
 9. The audioprocessor according to claim 1, wherein the phase corrector isconfigured for forming a vector of phase deviations, wherein the phasedeviations are calculated using a combined modified patch signal and theaudio signal.
 10. The audio processor according to claim 1, wherein thetarget phase measure determiner comprises: a data stream extractorconfigured for extracting a peak position and a fundamental frequency ofpeak positions in a current time frame of the audio signal from a datastream; or an audio signal analyzer configured for analyzing the audiosignal in the current time frame to calculate a peak position and afundamental frequency of peak positions in the current time frame; atarget spectrum generator for estimating further peak positions in thecurrent time frame using the peak position and the fundamental frequencyof peak positions.
 11. The audio processor according to claim 10,wherein the target spectrum generator comprises: a peak generator forgenerating a pulse train over time; a signal former to adjust afrequency of the pulse train according to the fundamental frequency ofpeak positions; a pulse positioner to adjust the phase of the pulsetrain according to the peak position; a spectrum analyzer to generate aphase spectrum of the adjusted pulse train, wherein the phase spectrumof the time domain signal is the target phase measure.
 12. A decoder fordecoding an audio signal, the decoder comprising: a core decoderconfigured for decoding an audio signal in a time frame of the baseband;a patcher configured for patching a set of subbands of the decodedbaseband, wherein the set of subbands forms a patch, to further subbandsin the time frame, adjacent to the baseband, to achieve an audio signalcomprising frequencies higher than the frequencies in the baseband; anaudio processor according to claim 1, wherein the audio processor isconfigured for correcting phases of the subbands of the patch accordingto a target phase measure.
 13. The decoder according to claim 12,wherein the patcher is configured for patching the set of subbands ofthe audio signal, wherein the set of subbands forms a further patch, tofurther subbands of the time frame, adjacent to the patch; and whereinthe audio processor is configured for correcting the phases within thesubbands of the further patch; or wherein the patcher is configured forpatching the corrected patch to further subbands of the time frame,adjacent to the patch.
 14. The decoder according to claim 12, whereinthe decoder comprises a further audio processor according to claim 0,wherein the further audio processor is configured for receiving afurther phase derivative over frequency and to correct transients in theaudio signal using the received phase derivative over frequency.
 15. Anencoder for encoding an audio signal, the encoder comprising: a coreencoder configured for core encoding the audio signal to achieve a coreencoded audio signal comprising a reduced number of subbands withrespect to the audio signal; a fundamental frequency analyzer foranalyzing peak positions in the audio signal or a low-pass filteredversion of the audio signal for achieving a fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions in the audio signal; a parameter extractorconfigured for extracting parameters of subbands of the audio signal notcomprised by the core encoded audio signal; an output signal formerconfigured for forming an output signal comprising the core encodedaudio signal, the parameters, the fundamental frequency of peakpositions, and one of the peak positions.
 16. The encoder according toclaim 15, wherein the output signal former is configured to form theoutput signal into a sequence of frames, wherein each frame comprisingthe core encoded audio signal, the parameters, and wherein only eachN^(th) frame comprising the fundamental frequency estimate of peakpositions and the peak position, wherein N is greater or equal than 2.17. A method for processing an audio signal with an audio processor, themethod comprising: determining a target phase measure for the audiosignal in a time frame with a target phase measure determiner;calculating a phase error with a phase error calculator using the phaseof the audio signal in the time frame and the target phase measure; andcorrecting the phase of the audio signal in the time frame with a phasecorrector using the phase error.
 18. A method for decoding an audiosignal with a decoder, the method comprising: decoding an audio signalin a time frame of the baseband with a core decoder; patching a set ofsubbands of the decoded baseband with a patcher, wherein the set ofsubbands forms a patch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacentto the baseband, to achieve an audio signal comprising frequencieshigher than the frequencies in the baseband; correcting phases withinthe subbands of the first patch with an audio processor according to atarget phase measure.
 19. A method for encoding an audio signal with anencoder, the method comprising: core encoding the audio signal with acore encoder to achieve a core encoded audio signal comprising a reducednumber of subbands with respect to the audio signal; analyzing the audiosignal or a low-pass filtered version of the audio signal with afundamental frequency analyzer for achieving a fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions in the audio signal; extracting parameters ofsubbands of the audio signal not comprised by the core encoded audiosignal with a parameter extractor; forming an output signal with anoutput signal former comprising the core encoded audio signal, theparameters, the fundamental frequency of peak positions, and one of thepeak positions.
 20. A non-transitory digital storage medium having acomputer program stored thereon to perform the method for processing anaudio signal with an audio processor, said method comprising:determining a target phase measure for the audio signal in a time framewith a target phase measure determiner; calculating a phase error with aphase error calculator using the phase of the audio signal in the timeframe and the target phase measure; and correcting the phase of theaudio signal in the time frame with a phase corrector using the phaseerror, when said computer program is run by a computer.
 21. Anon-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program storedthereon to perform the method for decoding an audio signal with adecoder, said method comprising: decoding an audio signal in a timeframe of the baseband with a core decoder; patching a set of subbands ofthe decoded baseband with a patcher, wherein the set of subbands forms apatch, to further subbands in the time frame, adjacent to the baseband,to achieve an audio signal comprising frequencies higher than thefrequencies in the baseband; correcting phases within the subbands ofthe first patch with an audio processor according to a target phasemeasure, when said computer program is run by a computer.
 22. Anon-transitory digital storage medium having a computer program storedthereon to perform the method for encoding an audio signal with anencoder, said method comprising: core encoding the audio signal with acore encoder to achieve a core encoded audio signal comprising a reducednumber of subbands with respect to the audio signal; analyzing the audiosignal or a low-pass filtered version of the audio signal with afundamental frequency analyzer for achieving a fundamental frequencyestimate of peak positions in the audio signal; extracting parameters ofsubbands of the audio signal not comprised by the core encoded audiosignal with a parameter extractor; forming an output signal with anoutput signal former comprising the core encoded audio signal, theparameters, the fundamental frequency of peak positions, and one of thepeak positions, when said computer program is run by a computer.
 23. Anaudio signal comprising: a core encoded audio signal comprising areduced number of subbands with respect to an audio signal; a parameterrepresenting subbands of the audio signal not comprised by the coreencoded audio signal; a fundamental frequency estimate of peakpositions, and a peak position estimate of the audio signal.